Cell Count and Staining
Fig. 6.1 Counting chamber. Nucleus-containing cells are counted within the double-lined space. Cells lying on the upper or left border are counted and on the lower or right border are…
Acute Infectious Diseases
Meningitis Encephalitis Encephalopathy Myelitis Myelopathy Radiculitis Radiculoneuritis Cranial neuritis Meningovasculitis Myositis (not discussed in this chapter) 14.2.2 Epidemiology Many of the viruses causing acute disease of the nervous system can…
Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes
Syndrome Relevant antibodies CNS Subacute cerebellar degeneration 25 % Hu, Yo, CV2/CRMP5, Ri, Tra, amphiphysin, VGCC Encephalomyelitis 6 % Hu, CV2/CRMP5, amphiphysin Limbic encephalitis 10 % Hu, Ma2, CV2/CRMP5,…
Chronic Infectious Inflammatory Diseases of the Central Nervous System
Fig. 15.1 MRI revealing a tuberculoma in the left pons area, in a patient with tuberculous meningitis, manifesting with paresis of n. abducens 15.3.3 Cerebrospinal Fluid Detection of M. tuberculosis…
Immunohistochemistry
Intracellular antigen Associated tumor Clinical symptoms Hu (ANNA1) SCLC Encephalomyelitis, PCD, LE, brainstem encephalitis Ri (ANNA2) Breast, SCLC Brainstem encephalitis, opsoclonus myoclonus Yo (PCA1) Ovary, breast PCD CV2 (CRMP5) SCLC,…
Guidelines on Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis
Main topic of guideline Reference Routine CSF analysis Deisenhammer et al. (2006) Examination of infectious CSF Qualitative IgG assessment in CSF Freedman et al. (2005) CSF collection and biobanking Teunissen…
Anatomy of CSF-Related Spaces and Barriers Between Blood, CSF, and Brain
Fig. 2.1 CSF spaces and site of CSF production, circulation, and elimination (http://ihrfoundation.org/images/uploads/schematic_lg.gif) The CSF space is regarded as one of the four compartments within the central nervous system (CNS)…
Laboratory Diagnosis of Subarachnoid Haemorrhage
Fig. 22.1 CT-negative SAH. Left side MRI (FLAIR): hyperintense signal clearly visible; right side CT scan: no sign for SAH 22.2 Laboratory Diagnostic Methods There are several widely used CSF…
CSF-orrhoea
Fig. 23.1 CT scans showing defects in anterior skull base with encephalocoeles, arrows pointing towards the bony defects (Courtesy Dr. S. Mathur, Royal Preston Hospital) To rule out high intracranial…
The History of Cerebrospinal Fluid
Fig. 1.1 Bottom of the second column of the Edwin Smith Papyrus. The hieroglyphs in blue circles refer to watery fluid in context with the surface of the brain (Courtesy…
