Fig. 20.1 Cartoon of CSF biomarkers and their relation to physiological and pathogenic processes. Aβ amyloid β, BACE1 β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1, sAPP soluble amyloid precursor protein Fig. 20.2…
Parameter Range CSF glucose 2.7–4.2 (mmol/L) Blood glucose 3.3–5.5 (mmol/L) Glucose CSF/blood ratio 0.61–0.89 (Cave: CSF/serum ratio may be lower than 0.5 if serum glucose concentration is >100 mg/dL) (see…
Fig. 10.1 Schematic representation of the basic structure of immunoglobulins. Immunoglobulins are composed of two heavy chains, each consisting of one variable (V H , red) and three constant (C…
Fig. 19.1 Major syndromes of chronic demyelinating polyneuropathies 19.1 Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP) CIDP is a rare disease: its prevalence is 0.5–1/100,000 in childhood and 1–2/100,000 in adult populations….
Fig. 18.1 Major syndromes of acute demyelinating polyneuropathies. The figure indicates the heterogeneous pathology and clinical picture of GBS. Demyelination is responsible for the most common form of AIDP, while…
Fig. 11.1 Examples of stainings visualising meningitis-causing agents. Upper panel: May–Grünwald–Giemsa-stained cytospin for cytological differentiation of CSF cells can already visualise bacteria or fungi, and thorough inspection is mandatory: (a)…
Cerebrospinalfluid biomarkers Origin Target cells Immune activation CXCL13 FDC B cells, TFH cells CXCL16 APC T cells, NKT cells CXCL10 Astrocytes, endothelial cells,fibroblast Th1 cells, CD8+ cells, NK cells, endothelial…
Fig. 16.1 Treatment scheme for anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Can also be useful for other autoimmune encephalitis (expert opinion). PE plasma exchange Antibody production is thought to start systemically. Activated B cells…
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015Florian Deisenhammer, Finn Sellebjerg, Charlotte E Teunissen and Hayrettin Tumani (eds.)Cerebrospinal Fluid in Clinical Neurology10.1007/978-3-319-01225-4_13 13. Methods for Biomarker Analysis Diego Franciotta1, Massimo Alessio2, Livia Garzetti3 and Roberto Furlan3 (1) Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, IRCCS, National Institute…
Age (years) Lumbar CSF/serum ratio of albumin range (×10−3) Newborn <28 1–15 4–5 15–60 5–8 60–90 8–10 9.5 Interpretation A dysfunction of the blood-CSF barrier, i.e. abnormal elevation of Q-Alb,…
