Computed Tomography and Myelography of the Cervical Spine Christopher G. Ullrich The first computed tomography (CT) scanner became commercially available in 1972. It was capable of scanning only the head….
Radiation Physics and Safety Glenn R. Rechtine II Brian D. Giordano RADIATION PHYSICS AND SAFETY The use of x-rays has been a mainstay of medical practice since William Roentgen’s discovery…
Diagnostic Cervical Disk Injection Santhosh A. Thomas Seth M. Zeidman There are many causes of neck pain. It is well established that neck pain can be caused by various disorders…
Neurologic and Functional Evaluation Outcomes Assessment Tools in Cervical Spine Surgery Krzysztof B. Siemionow Isador H. Lieberman Outcomes research itself can be thought of as refined and enhanced clinical research,…
Pain Management Nikolai Bogduk INTRODUCTION Traumatic and neoplastic disorders of the cervical spine attract surgical treatment. Infections are treated with antibiotics with or without surgical drainage, excision, and reconstruction. The…
Intraoperative Assessment of Neurologic Function Sharad Rajpal Michael P. Steinmetz Advances in complex spinal fixation techniques have broadened the spectrum of disorders amenable to surgical correction while simultaneously heightening the…
Myelopathy: Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis Samir Lapsiwala Gregory Trost The word myelopathy comes from two Greek words: myelos meaning “spinal cord” and pathos meaning “disorder of.” A number of disease…
Diagnosis of Cervical Spine Disorders: The Electrodiagnostic Examination Eric A.K. Mayer Jinny Tavee When attempting to assess the contribution of a cervical spine lesion to a particular pattern of sensory…
Neurologic Examination: Grading Scales Charles H. Tator The clinical neurologic examination and imaging of the spine and spinal cord are the most important components of the assessment of patients with…
Cervical Radiculopathy: Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis Michael P. Steinmetz Edward C. Benzel Thomas E. Mroz The earliest descriptions of spinal nerve root compression can be traced to early Egyptian medical…
