Neuromuscular Disorders
Neuromuscular Disorders Howard L. Geyer Naalla D. Schreiber Unlike most chapters in this book, which focus on conditions that affect the central nervous system (CNS), this one focuses on conditions…
Challenges of Congenital Hearing Loss
Challenges of Congenital Hearing Loss Wendy Osterling Introduction Congenital hearing loss or deafness, occurring in 1 to 3 per 1,000 infants, is the most common human birth defect in the…
The Development and Neuropsychology of Visual Impairment
The Development and Neuropsychology of Visual Impairment Rick O. Gilmore Joel M. Weinstein Rebecca Von Der Heide Introduction At least half of the human brain responds to visual stimulation, and…
Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis
Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Lauren B. Krupp Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS). MS can develop in children and adolescents, although usually…
Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Pediatric HIV Infection
Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Pediatric HIV Infection Maryland Pao Lucy Ann Civitello Introduction Since the first descriptions of pediatric AIDS in the 1980s, neurodevelopmental abnormalities have been a well-known complication of…
Neurobehavioral Aspects of Traumatic Brain Injury in Children
Neurobehavioral Aspects of Traumatic Brain Injury in Children Aleksandra Djukic Introduction The tragedy of traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) begins with its sudden onset and selection of victims, generally children and…
Intellectual Disability/Mental Retardation
Intellectual Disability/Mental Retardation Maris D. Rosenberg Susan Vig Definition and Terminology 2002 AAMR DEFINITION OF MENTAL RETARDATION The following definition of mental retardation was endorsed in 2002 by the American…
Static Encephalopathies and Common CNS Anomalies
Static Encephalopathies and Common CNS Anomalies Elisabeth Guthrie Introduction Static encephalopathy is a general term that refers to nonprogressive dysfunction of the brain. Static encephalopathy may be acquired in utero,…
Neurofibromatosis Type 1 and Tuberous Sclerosis Complex
Neurofibromatosis Type 1 and Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Kaleb H. Yohay Martha B. Denckla Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) are autosomal dominant genetic conditions that affect multiple…
Functional Neuroimaging in Pediatric Populations
Functional Neuroimaging in Pediatric Populations Daniel J. Simmonds Stewart H. Mostofsky The advent of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has allowed us to see the living brain “at work.” fMRI…
