Motor Neuron Disease
OVERVIEW OF MOTOR NEURON DISEASE Print Section Listen This chapter discusses a group of diseases that affect motor neurons in isolation, collectively referred to as motor neuron disease. Motor neuron…
Peripheral Neuropathy
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen Peripheral neuropathies can be classified as mononeuropathy (affecting one nerve), mononeuropathy multiplex (affecting multiple individual nerves), and polyneuropathy (affecting peripheral nerves diffusely). Mononeuropathies of the upper…
Seizures and Epilepsy
DEFINITIONS AND CAUSES OF SEIZURES AND EPILEPSY Print Section Listen Seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain. Epilepsy is the condition of recurrent unprovoked seizures. The definition…
Demyelinating Diseases of the Central Nervous System
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen This chapter focuses on the following central nervous system demyelinating diseases: Multiple sclerosis (MS) Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) Optic neuritis Transverse myelitis Optic…
Extraocular Movements and Approach to Diplopia: Cranial nerves 3, 4, and 6
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen Each eye is moved by six muscles: four rectus muscles and two oblique muscles. These muscles are controlled by three nerves: cranial nerves (CNs) 3, 4,…
Radiculopathy, Plexopathy, and Mononeuropathies of the Upper Extremity
NEUROANATOMY OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY Print Section Listen The Nerve Root Supply of the Upper Extremity In the cervical spine, nerve roots are numbered by the cervical level above which…
The Peripheral Nervous System and Introduction to Electromyography/Nerve Conduction Studies
INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND DISEASES OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Print Section Listen The peripheral nervous system includes the nerve roots, dorsal root ganglia, brachial and lumbosacral plexuses, and peripheral…
The Auditory and Vestibular Pathways and Approach to Hearing Loss and Dizziness/Vertigo: Cranial nerve 8
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen Cranial nerve 8 (CN 8) contains two components: auditory (cochlear) and vestibular. Both begin in the inner ear and travel to the brainstem: the auditory component…
Radiculopathy, Plexopathy, and Mononeuropathies of the Lower Extremity
NEUROANATOMY OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY Print Section Listen Anatomy of the Nerve Roots of the Lower Extremity At the thoracic, lumbar, and sacral levels, roots are numbered by the vertebral…
Facial Sensation and Movement and Approach to Facial Sensory and Motor Deficits: Cranial nerves 5 and 7
TRIGEMINAL NERVE (CRANIAL NERVE 5) Print Section Listen The principal clinically relevant functions of the trigeminal nerve are facial somatic sensation and innervation of the muscles of mastication. The trigeminal…
