Fig. 12.1 Problems in EMG prosthetic hand: (a) EMG prosthetic hand with tactile feedback and (b) difficulties in EMG classification Activities of daily living (ADL) tests are applied for determining…
Fig. 3.1 The four components of a BCI (from [8]) Until a few years ago, there was little interest in expensive or speculative improvements to any of these four components….
Fig. 4.1 Co-contraction 4.2.3 Joint Stiffness When joint position moves with the same contraction level, restoring force is generated as shown in Fig. 4.2. Fig. 4.2 Force generation The magnitude…
fMRI functional magnetic resonance imaging, NIRS near-infrared spectroscopy, EEG electroencephalogram, MEG magnetoencephalography, LFP local field potential Basic technologies such as neural decoding are needed for functional restoration using BMIs. Especially…
Fig. 16.1 Crosstalk in bimanual visuomotor learning (modified from [7]). (a) Participants performed bimanual reaching movements and the cursor’s position reflected the movement of the right hand (this was explicitly…
Fig. 20.1 Prism adaptation. Top: the three steps of prism adaptation procedure. (1) Baseline alignment of vision and proprioception is measured by an open-loop pointing task (i.e. pointing to a…
Fig. 7.1 Descending pathways from a variety of motor-related cortical areas to spinal motoneurons and location of lesions made in the previous studies. Connection from the midline-crossing axons from the…
Fig. 15.1 Explanation of the 2 × 10 task. In this task, 2 out of 16 (4 × 4 matrix) LED buttons (set) were illuminated simultaneously and participants had to press these buttons in…
Fig. 2.1 Diagram of a BMI system for environmental control and communication (modified from Kansaku [11]) We constructed a prototype of the BMI-based environmental control system. For the visual stimuli,…
Fig. 8.1 Two methodologies for intervention in spinal cord injury. There are molecular approaches (left) and electrophysiological approaches (right) for analyzing and biological processes after SCI and providing therapeutic intervention…
