Indications • Indications are any situation or condition requiring interbody fusion at the level of L1-2 through L4-5 including adult spinal deformity, degenerative disk disease, adjacent segment disease, low-grade spondylolisthesis,…
INDICATIONS • Clinical symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) include numbness and paresthesias or pain in the median nerve distribution of the hand (excluding the palm) and fingers. Weakness, stiffness,…
Indications • Progressive clinical symptoms of cubital tunnel syndrome include numbness and paresthesias or pain in the ulnar nerve distribution of the hand, primarily the little finger and ring finger….
Indications • Indications for thoracoscopic sympathectomy include palmar hyperhidrosis, axillary hyperhidrosis, craniofacial hyperhidrosis and blushing, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, Raynaud disease, splanchnic pain, vascular insufficiency, angina pectoris, and heart arrhythmias such…
Indications • Symptomatic degenerative disk disease affecting L5-S1 or L4-5-S1 • Spondylolisthesis affecting L5-S1 or L4-5-S1 • Stabilization of L4-S1 segments for pathology at L5 (i.e., burst fracture, neoplasm) •…
Indications • Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) are classified into two major categories. Lesions primarily associated with the nerve root are called radicular dural AVFs , and lesions primarily in…
Indications • Conditions requiring ventral decompression of the spinal cord with removal of one to two vertebral bodies at any level of the thoracic spine • Extradural tumors • Infection…
Indications • Thoracoscopic diskectomy is employed for treatment of herniated disks in the thoracic spine anterior to the spinal cord using a minimally invasive anterior approach. • Patients typically present…
Indications • Appropriate patient selection is an essential element when planning spine surgery to optimize patient outcome. The decision to pursue surgery is based on the history, physical examination, and…
Indications • Approximately 50% of the normal rotation of the cervical spine occurs at the atlantoaxial motion segment. Factors that lead to instability at the atlantoaxial junction include traumatic injury…
