Neupsy Key

A. Nystagmus is a rhythmic, biphasic, oscillatory eye movement consistingof a slow phase in one direction followed by either a fast phase (jerk nystagmus) or another slow phase (pendular nystagmus)…

A. Diplopia is the visual symptom of “double vision,” in which a single object appears as two separate images. With the exception of central polyopia, which is exceedingly rare, diplopia…

Anisocoria refers to asymmetry in pupillary diameter between the two eyes. When pathologic, anisocoria indicates a disorder of pupillary constriction or dilation. If the disorder is of pupillary constriction, the…

The primary muscle of eyelid elevation is the levator palpebrae (LP), which is innervated by the oculomotor nerve. A secondary muscle (the superior tarsal) is innervated by oculosympathetic nerve fibers…

A. While technically not a hallucination but rather a distortion of an otherwise real image, metamorphopsia is a particular type of visual disturbance characterized by wavy or warped vision. It…

A. The visual fields for the right and left eye have significant but not complete overlap with one another. Because the temporal visual field for each eye is larger than…

Transient visual loss that has resolved by the time of presentation is often challenging to evaluate, as the examination is often normal, and both benign and dangerous etiologies are possible….

The causes of coma are varied and include a number of immediately life-threatening conditions for which emergent intervention is necessary. Close attention to general stabilization measures is necessary for all…

Delirium refers to an acute impairment in attention that compromises cognitive function; it is often associated with fluctuating arousal. Attention can be easily assessed at the bedside by asking the…

Rapidly progressive dementia refers to cognitive and/or behavioral deficits that evolve over weeks to months, much more rapidly than with traditional neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer dementia. Treatable conditions are…