Associated Movements
Wartenberg’s Sign Active flexion of the terminal phalanges of the four fingers of a paretic hand about a firm object, or against resistance offered by the examiner’s fingers similarly flexed,…
The Corticospinal (Pyramidal) Level
FIGURE 25.1 A lateral view of some of the clinically relevant cortical areas from the Brodmann cytoarchitectonic map. (Modified from Kiernan JA. Barr’s The Human Nervous System: An Anatomical Viewpoint….
The Extrapyramidal Level
FIGURE 26.1 Drawing of the superior surface of an unstained horizontal section of the adult human brain, through the internal capsule, basal ganglia (BG), and thalamus. The internal capsule thrusts…
The Mental Status Examination
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The Hypoglossal Nerve
FIGURE 20.1 Section through the medulla at the level of the decussation of the medial lemniscus. The hypoglossal fibers gather into two bundles, which perforate the dura mater separately, pass…
The Exteroceptive Sensations
FIGURE 32.1 Diagram of the spinal cord and dorsal root showing the peripheral receptors and terminations of fibers within the spinal cord. The majority of axons originating from second-order spinothalamic…
The Olfactory Nerve
FIGURE 12.1 The distribution of the olfactory nerves within the nose. Within the olfactory bulbs, axons of incoming fibers synapse on dendrites of mitral and tufted cells in the olfactory…
The Proprioceptive Sensations
FIGURE 33.1 The pathways for position sense and fine discriminative touch through the posterior columns and medial lemniscus. Proprioceptive impulses from the head and neck enter the central nervous system…
Postural and Righting Reflexes
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General Outline of the Neurologic Examination
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