Fig. 2.1 Pyramidal neuron Fig. 2.2 Parallel arrangement of the pyramidal neurons allows for summation of the individual potentials Cortical neuronal alignment effectively creates an electrical dipole. Whether a positive or negative…
Fig. 3.1 Fast alpha variant (arrow); sensitivity 7 μV/mm, low frequency filter (LFF) 1 Hz, high-frequency filter (HFF) 70 Hz Fig. 3.2 Slow alpha variant (arrows); sensitivity 7 μV/mm, LFF 1 Hz, HFF 70 Hz Harmonics of the…
Fig. 21.1 Axial FLAIR (a) demonstrates enlargement of the left lateral ventricle temporal horn and the left hippocampus is relatively smaller and hyperintense compared to the contralateral side. Note that the…
Fig. 6.1 A generalized tonic-clonic seizure each EEG clip represents 20 s Fig. 6.2 Representation of ictal discharge during generalized tonic–clonic seizure which lasted for 1 min and 45 s. Figure 6.1 shows generalized spike-and-wave discharges…
Fig. 25.1 Right anterior temporal spikes Fig. 25.2 High-resolution MRI detects mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) in 80–90% of cases Her presurgical evaluation indicated that she was a good candidate for a right…
Fig. 4.1 Neonatal montage. Special montage—preterm or newborn with head circumference <35 cm Usually, 16 channels recording are done, which should include 2 or more non-cerebral channels. Non-cerebral electrodes include EKG, EMG, ocular,…
Fig. 9.1 Triphasic waves in an encephalopathic patient. Notice the anterior-to-posterior lag in the second (positive) component of the triphasic wave (boxed) Fig. 9.2 Notice the posterior-to-anterior lag in the second (positive)…
Ion Intracellular (mM) Extracellular (mM) Equilibrium potential (mV) Potassium (K*) 140–150 5 –90 Sodium (Na*) 5–15 145 +60 Chloride (Cl) 4–30 110–125 –70 Synaptic transmission is the major mode of…
Fig. 5.1 Two spikes (arrowheads) from the same patient who had undergone right frontotemporal resection preserving the hippocampus for intractable epilepsy without resolution of seizures. The first spike is positive over…
Antibody/target Symptoms (other than seizures/limbic encephalitis) Associated cancer(s) VGKC complexa Personality or behavioral changes, myoclonus (CJD-like picture), neuropathy, and hyponatremia SCLC, thymoma NMDA receptor Psychosis, extrapyramidal disorders (e.g., choreoathetosis), and dysautonomia…
