Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms Unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs) constitute a significant public health issue. Several large autopsy studies have reported a wide range in the overall frequency of intracranial aneurysms, varying…
Other Host Factors TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK Because transient ischemic attack (TIA) predisposes to stroke, its prevention (modification of lifestyle as outlined in Chapter 24 and therapy for hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and…
Dyslipidemia To illustrate the heterogeneity that exists among various dyslipidemias, some of the different primary (inherited) and secondary disorders associated with each lipoprotein phenotype are outlined in Table 27-1. Major…
Hypertension Hypertension (especially systolic) is an important risk factor for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke in male and female individuals at all ages. For adults aged 45 years without hypertension, the…
Asymptomatic Carotid and Vertebral Stenosis ASYMPTOMATIC CAROTID STENOSIS The treatment of patients with asymptomatic carotid disease (bruit, stenosis, or occlusion) continues to be somewhat controversial, although recent data have clarified…
Modifiable Lifestyle and Environmental Factors According to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2016 estimates, over 66% of stroke burden is attributed to behavioral risks (smoking, poor diet, and low…
Cerebrovascular Disease Genetics Several cerebrovascular disorders tend to run in families or are either entirely congenital in nature or largely genetically determined. These include disorders that may cause ischemic stroke,…
Cerebrovascular Disease in Pregnant Patients Although stroke is the fourth leading cause of death in the general population in the United States, it is uncommon among women of childbearing age….
Cerebrovascular Disease in Children and Young Adults Stroke is uncommon in children who are younger than 15 years. The annual incidence is approximately 2.5 cases per 100,000 children. Ischemic strokes…
Vascular Disease of the Spinal Cord Spinovascular disease is rare compared with cerebrovascular disease. It includes spinal cord infarction, hemorrhage, transient ischemic attack, and venous disease. The clinical symptoms of…
