Intra-arterial Therapy for Acute Ischemic Stroke
Fig. 4.1 Evolution of IA therapy trials over time. More positive trials with newer devices and technology over time. Positive trials: Circles at the upper border, Negative trials: Circle at…
Secondary Prevention After Non-atherosclerotic Cerebral Vasculopathies
Direct blow to the head and neck Chiropractic neck manipulation Strangulation Atlanto-axial sublaxation Elongated styloid process Cervical spine fracture Basal skull fracture Excessive head banging Beauty parlor syndrome Labor and…
General Concepts: Stroke Mechanisms, Subtyping, and Workup
Fig. 8.1 An 83-year-old man without any vascular risk factors developed dysarthria and confusion. DWI showed multiple scattered infarcts in bilateral anterior and posterior circulations. MR angiography, electrocardiography and echocardiography…
Subclinical Vascular Brain Injury
Age decade Silent brain infarcts (%) Microbleeds (%) 40–49 1–5 2 50–59 3–8 2–3 60–69 8–15 5–18 70–79 12–20 8–31 80+ 20–35 10–38 Prevalence data are from community- and population-based…
Intravenous Thrombolysis and Anti-thrombotics
Fig. 3.1 Multimodal CT imaging of acute ischemic stroke patient presenting at 4 h of symptom onset, baseline non-contrast CT scan shows early changes of ischemia in the left insula…
Secondary Prevention After Cardioembolic Stroke
Fig. 12.1 Valve prostheses. Different prosthetic heart valves. Bioprosthetic valve (top left). Prosthetic bileaflet (top middle and bottom left). Ball in cage prosthesis (middle right). Annuloplasty ring (bottom right). By…
Stroke Centers and Related Aspects of Stroke Systems
Element/stroke center type Acute stroke ready Primary stroke center Comprehensive stroke centers Setting Rural/small urban Suburban, urban Large urban Size (beds) <100 100–500 >500 Stroke patient volume (year) 20–70 100–600…
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Fig. 23.1 Basic principles of transcranial magnetic stimulation. The magnetic coil, represented as a figure-of-eight device, is placed on top of the cerebral cortex and pulses a magnetic field that…
Secondary Prevention After Symptomatic Large Artery Extracranial Disease
Study name n n Results CEA Medical (a) Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) in symptomatic patients Shaw et al. 1984 [116] 20 21 Early death, stroke, TIA (within 1 month): 45 %…
Virtual Reality in Stroke Rehabilitation
Time consuming Modest effect (e.g., initially not appreciated by stroke survivors) Resource and therapy intensive Limited compliance/adherence Transportation to a rehabilitation facility Availability Coverage vs. out-of-pocket costs Wolters Kluwer Health,…
