Vascular Tumors and Malformations Vascular Malformations Most probably congenital, though may enlarge progressively. Some arteriovenous fistulas acquired, follow trauma or arterial or venous occlusion. Arteriovenous Malformations (AVMs) Affect brain more…
Congenital and Childhood CNS Tumors Epidemiology Primary CNS tumors: 20% of all childhood cancers, second only to leukemia. Incidence 2.8 per 100,000 under 15 years. Relative frequency: see Table 60.1….
Pituitary Tumors Most are pituitary adenomas. Often asymptomatic. Peak ages 20 to 40. Classification Secreting tumors: produce one or more anterior pituitary hormones; prolactinoma most common. Mixed secretory tumors: 10%…
Pineal Region Tumors 1% of all intracranial tumors; wide variety of cell types. General Considerations Symptoms Mechanisms of symptoms: (a) increased intracranial pressure from hydrocephalus; (b) direct compression of brainstem,…
Tumors of the Meninges General Considerations Meningiomas originate in arachnoid coverings of brain; 90% intracranial, 10% spinal. Comprise 20% of all intracranial tumors. M:F ratio 1:2. Peak age: 50 to…
Tumors of the Skull and Cranial Nerves Benign Tumors Osteoma Benign growth of mature dense cortical bone in paranasal sinuses, cranial vault, mandible, mastoid sinuses. Associated with Gardner syndrome (autosomal-dominant…
General Considerations Epidemiology Incidence of symptomatic brain tumors: 12/100,000 population. Approximately 35,000 new patients diagnosed each year in the U.S. Incidence by age: small peak before age 10 years; gradual…
Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Syndrome Definition: serum osmolality >350 mOsm/kg; plasma glucose content >600 mg/dL; depressed consciousness without ketosis. Comprises 10% to 20% of all cases of severe hyperglycemia. Most common in…
