Stimulation for the Return of Hearing
Abstract Highly useful hearing, including speech reception without any visual cues, can be reinstated or produced for the first time with a cochlear implant—a device that bypasses damaged or missing…
Neuromodulation for Refractory Angina and Heart Failure
Abstract Neuromodulation techniques have been used since the 1980s for treatment of refractory angina pectoris. In refractory angina (RA), pain relief is due to an antiischemic effect. There is strong…
Neuromodulation for Treatment of Dry Eye
Abstract Dry eye, a multifactorial disease of the tears and ocular surface, leads to tear film instability, potentially resulting in tear film hyperosmolarity, ocular surface epithelial damage, and inflammation. Impaired…
Autonomic Control of the Heart
Abstract The cardiac autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a multilevel distributed neural network that extends from intrathoracic ganglia to the spinal cord, brainstem, and above. This interdependent network of central…
Spinal Cord Stimulation for Peripheral Vascular Disorders
Abstract Patients with symptomatic peripheral vascular disease can suffer from inoperable critical limb ischemia and are at high risk for major amputation of the affected leg. Spinal cord stimulation (SCS)…
A Brief History of the Cochlear Implant and Related Treatments
Abstract The first cochlear implants (CIs) provided an awareness of environmental sounds and some assistance in speechreading (including lipreading), but no recognition of speech was possible with the CI alone….
Neuromodulation of the Spinal Cord for Movement Restoration
Abstract Mammalian spinal networks have sophisticated neural networks that intrinsically contain the necessary information to generate locomotion, and these central pattern-generating networks are viable targets for recovery after spinal cord…
Lower Extremity Motor System Neuroprostheses
Abstract Depending on the extent of neuromuscular deficits, interventions to improve or restore upright mobility to persons paralyzed from central nervous system (CNS) disorders can include bracing, neuroprostheses employing surface…
Stimulation for Return of Upper-Extremity Function
Abstract Neuroprostheses can be used to move paralyzed limbs through the coordinated electrical activation of multiple muscles. Specifically, implantable motor neuroprostheses are used to provide hand grasping and reach for…
Invasive Neurostimulation for Poststroke Motor Recovery
Abstract Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of permanent disability worldwide. While intensive rehabilitation has the potential to improve motor function in some patients in the chronic phase of stroke,…
