Neupsy Key

Introduction A cholesteatoma is a cystic mass filled with keratin and lined by stratified squamous epithelium. Cholesteatoma is not a neoplasm and can be thought of most simply as skin…

Introduction Spinal cord astrocytomas are quite uncommon and account for only 3% to 4% of all central nervous system (CNS) astrocytomas. Furthermore, although intracranial glioblastomas are the most common primary…

Introduction Anomalies arising from the third and fourth branchial cleft remnants are quite rare. In particular, branchial abnormalities related to the pharynx are only a small subset of the already…

Introduction Labyrinthitis, also known as otitis interna, is an inflammatory disorder of the inner ear. Inflammation of the perilymphatic spaces results in secondary changes within the membranous labyrinth, the most…

Introduction Deformities along the dorsal aspect of the thoracic spinal cord are occasionally identified on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), often in patients presenting with myelopathy ( Fig. 36.1 ). A…

Introduction Thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO), thyroid eye disease (TED), dysthyroid/TAO, and Graves orbitopathy all refer to a poorly understood autoimmune phenomenon resulting in the adipogenesis of orbital fat. An estimated 40%…

Introduction Hirayama disease is a rare, slowly progressive, and self-limiting cervical myelopathy related to neck flexion in young adults. It is characterized by a pure focal amyotrophy in the C7-T1…

Introduction Sarcoidosis is a chronic idiopathic, noninfectious, granulomatous disease characterized by the formation of noncaseating granulomas. It most commonly involves the lungs, skin, and lymph nodes, although any organ or…

Key WordsLumbar interbody fusion, Lumbar spine surgery, Spine fusion assessment   Introduction The ultimate goal of lumbar interbody fusion procedures is to relieve debilitating pain or prevent neurologic compromise. Fusion…

Introduction Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) is a slowly progressive disorder that can result in spinal stenosis and myelopathy. Myelopathy in patients with OPLL is related to both…