10.1055/b-0039-172719 8 Radiation Exposure and Navigated Spinal SurgeryScott C. Wagner Abstract: Ionizing radiation exposure during instrumented spinal surgery may be associated with increased long-term risks to the surgeon, operating room…
10.1055/b-0039-172718 7 Supervisory-Controlled RoboticsSohrab Pahlavan and Nathan H. Lebwohl Abstract: Supervisory-controlled robotics involves a semiautomated process executed by a robotic application that is actively supervised by a human operator. It…
10.1055/b-0039-172717 6 Telesurgical RobotsKyle W. Mombell and Patrick B. Morrissey Abstract Telesurgical robots are machines that allow for the completion of complex and delicate surgical tasks under direct control of…
10.1055/b-0039-172716 5 Shared Control RoboticsElvis L. Francois and Arjun S. Sebastian Abstract Shared control robotics is a system in which the user maintains some degree of direct or indirect control…
10.1055/b-0039-172714 3 Intraoperative Ultrasound in Spine Surgery: A Versatile and Useful AdjunctRalph T. Schär, Howard J. Ginsberg, and Jefferson R. Wilson Abstract: Intraoperative ultrasound (IOUS) has been used in spine…
10.1055/b-0039-172715 4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging–Based NavigationJonathan G. Seavey and Langston T. Holly Abstract: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides high-resolution imaging of soft tissues via the excitation of hydrogen nuclei placed…
10.1055/b-0039-172713 2 Three-Dimensional Computer-Assisted Navigation PlatformsBarrett S. Boody Abstract: Intraoperative navigation technology for spine utilizes existing neurosurgical core concepts utilized with brain surgery. Over the past 50 years, advancements in…
10.1055/b-0039-172712 1 Principles of Navigated Pedicle Screw PlacementYusef I. Mosley and Srinivas K. Prasad Abstract Treatment of spinal pathology often necessitates spinal instrumentation. The methods used for spinal instrumentation have…
