Enteric Glial Cells: Implications in Gut Pathology
Fig. 21.1 Schematic representation of the unique environments within the gut wall. The innermost, toward the center of the gut tube, is the mucosa (Muc) with a thin muscle layer,…
Emerging Roles for Glial Pathology in Addiction
Fig. 17.1 Reward neurocircuitry engaged by chronic drug abuse. AMY, amygdala; DS, dorsal striatum HIPP, hippocampus; NAc, nucleus accumbens; PFC, prefrontal cortex; VP, ventral pallidum; VTA, ventral tegmental area (VTA)….
Astroglia and Severe Mental Illness: A Role for Glutamate Microdomains
Fig. 16.1 Glutamate microdomains may be formed by specialized protein complexes found on plasma membranes in extrasynaptic regions where astrocytic and neuronal membranes are opposed to one another. Glutamate is…
Ionic Signaling in Physiology and Pathophysiology of Astroglia
Fig. 2.1 Molecular cascades of calcium and sodium signaling in astroglia. Abbreviations: AMPAR α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor, CBP Ca2+ binding protein, EAAT excitatory amino acid transporter, ER endoplasmic reticulum, GABA γ-aminobutyric…
The Role of Astrocytes in Huntington’s Disease
Fig. 10.1 Post mortem human brain at the level of the caudate-putamen. Coronal brain sections taken through the caudate-putamen of a normal (left) and a Huntington’s disease patient (right). The…
General Pathophysiology of Neuroglia: Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders as Gliopathies
Fig. 1.1 Classification of neuroglia Despite a remarkable heterogeneity of neuroglial cells they have one feature in common: the main function of neuroglia is the preservation of nervous system homeostasis….
Experimental Treatment of Acquired and Inherited Neuropathies
Fig. 19.1 Pathomechanisms in acquired and inherited peripheral neuropathies. a Hypothetical model of the pathological mechanisms of autoimmune disease in the peripheral nervous system. In the systemic immune compartment, autoreactive…
Possible Therapeutic Targets in Microglia
Fig. 13.1 Possible therapeutic targets in microglia. Neurotransmitter receptors, neuropeptide receptors, neuromodulatory receptors, cytokine and chemokine receptors, transporters, and various factors affecting microglial function 13.2 Neurotransmitter Receptors Microglia express various…
Glial Glutamate and Metabolic Transporters as a Target for Neurodegenerative Therapy and Biomarkers
Fig. 4.1 Schematic depiction of glial glutamate and lactate transporter functions. a (1) Presynaptic neuronal impulses induce glutamate (Glu) release into the synaptic cleft. Glutamate binds and opens postsynaptic AMPA…
Alexander Disease and Astrotherapeutics
© Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014Vladimir Parpura and Alexei Verkhratsky (eds.)Pathological Potential of Neuroglia10.1007/978-1-4939-0974-2_5 5. Alexander Disease and Astrotherapeutics Michael Brenner1 and Albee Messing2 (1) Department of Neurobiology and the Civitan International Research Center, University of…
