Biomarkers of Disease Progression
Fig. 7.1 (a) A simplified diagram of the tight blood–brain barrier (BBB) which separates blood from the extracellular fluid (ECF) of brain parenchyma. Very tight cell membranes prevent proteins from…
The Neuropathology of Progressive Multiple Sclerosis
Fig. 4.1 Section stained for macrophage marker shows the presence of macrophages within the lesion border White matter lesions in the brains and spinal cords of patients with progressive MS…
Symptomatic Treatment for Progressive Multiple Sclerosis
Drug Proposed mechanism of action Frequent or serious side effects Baclofen GABA analogue which binds to GABAB receptors with consequent inhibition of spinal reflexes Sedation, weakness, hallucinations, mood and sleep…
Imaging Disease Progression
Fig. 6.1 Simulated data demonstrating how cross-sectional data (a) may not reveal an association (in this case positive) with time that is clearly seen with longitudinal data (b). Measurement values…
Current Treatments for Progressive Multiple Sclerosis: Disease-Modifying Therapies
Characteristics of the placebo cohorts at baseline in the seven SPMS phase III RCTs Baseline variable (reference) European-SPMS NA- SPMS SPECTRIMS IMPACT Nordic-SPMS MIMS ESIMS IFNB-1b sc [18] IFNB-1b sc…
Epidemiology of Progressive Multiple Sclerosis
Study N Time to EDSS endpoint 3 4 6 7 8 10 Cottrell [5] 216 4 5 8 15 18 34 Tremlett et al. [18] 352 13.3 Andersson et al….
Future Therapies for Progressive Multiple Sclerosis
Fig. 10.1 The first electron microscopic images showing what the authors termed “abortive remyelination” – spontaneous myelin repair – at the edge of a multiple sclerosis plaque (Reproduced with permission…
Mechanisms of Disease Progression
Fig. 5.1 Potential mechanisms of axonal injury in progressive MS 5.4.1 Inflammation Inflammatory mediators have long been implicated in the pathophysiology of MS [35]. A variety of cellular and soluble…
What Is Disease Progression?
Extrinsic structural lesions causing spinal cord compromise Degenerative cervical spine disease/cervical spondylosis Extrinsic tumor such as meningioma (Epidural abscess) Intrinsic structural lesions causing spinal cord compromise Syringomyelia Intrinsic tumor of…
General Introduction
Fig. 1.1 Disease course patterns in MS: (a) Relapsing and Remitting MS (RRMS): clearly defined acute attacks with recovery. (b) Primary Progressive MS (PPMS): progression of disability from onset without…
