Triphasic waves: Surface-negative, blunted triphasic complexes with: (a) low-amplitude, blunted, negative first phase (often wide-based); (b) dominant, steep positive second phase; and (c) slow rising third “slow-wave” component. No polyspike…
Continuous seizure types Generalized SE Generalized tonic-clonic SE Clonic SE Absence SE Tonic SE Myoclonic SE Focal SE Epilepsia partialis continua Aura continua Limbic SE (psychomotor status) Hemiconvulsive SE with…
GABAergic Anti-inflammatory Slowing of nerve conduction velocity Disruption of epileptogenic network Neuro-protective Therapeutic hypothermia X X X Neurostimulation ECT X X rTMS X VNS X Neurosurgery X Ketogenic diets…
Fig. 16.1 Proposed algorithm for the treatment of status epilepticus (From Glauser et al. [11], with permission). Image courtesy of the American Epilepsy Society Table 16.1 includes a summary of the recommendations…
Fig. 14.1 Electroencephalogram (EEG) of a 38-year-old man with refractory epilepsy admitted for presurgical evaluation who presented with generalized tonic-clonic seizures and clusters of atonic seizures (repeated up to 60 times…
Fig. 11.1 Epilepsia partialis continua (EPC). Repeated myoclonic jerks of the left face, with muscle artifact on the left side of the EEG recording. Polymorphic delta slowing over the right hemisphere,…
Systemic or intracerebroventricular NMDA Quisqualate Kainic acid Domoic acid Pentylenetetrazol Bicuculline Allylglycine Pilocarpine ± lithium Soman Flurothyl Intracerebral Kainic acid in amygdala Dibutyl cAMP into amygdala Folic acid into cortex Penicillin into…
Seizure characteristics Nonepileptic psychogenic status epilepticus Status epilepticus Onset Gradual, from waking or “pseudosleep” Abrupt, from waking or EEG-confirmed sleep Movements Asynchronous, pelvic thrusting, side-to-side thrashing, waxing and waning Automatisms…
Fig. 1.1 Map of Paris in the 1880s showing the peregrinations taken by a mailman with bromide-responsive epileptic “wanderings”—an early case of nonconvulsive status epilepticus? (From Shorvon [4], with permission) After…
