Surgical Treatment of Flat Back Deformity
Overview Flat back syndrome, otherwise known as fixed sagittal imbalance, describes a clinical entity that results in a symptomatic and fixed loss of physiologic lumbar lordosis, causing an overall spinal…
Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion
Overview Conditions such as spinal deformity, degenerative disk disease, adjacent segment disease, low-grade spondylolisthesis, spinal oncology, and traumatic deformity or instability are examples of conditions that may require instrumented spinal…
Axial Lumbar Interbody Fusion
Overview Axial lumbar interbody fusion (AXIALIF) is a relatively new, minimally invasive approach to fusion of L5–S1 and L4–L5. This approach allows access to the disk space axially through the…
Posterior and Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion
Overview Posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) after lumbar disk removal was first reported by Jaslow in 1946, and Cloward presented his first 100 cases at the Harvey Cushing Society meeting…
Spondylolisthesis Reduction
Overview Spondylolisthesis, a slippage or displacement of one vertebra on another, is a common spinal condition that affects children and adults. Spinal pathology may vary for the slip severity, but…
Secondary Metastatic Tumors of the Spine
Overview The American Cancer Society estimated that in 2011 alone, about 1.6 million new cases of cancer would be diagnosed, and about one third of that number are expected to…
Surgical Management of Scheuermann Kyphosis
Overview The posterior-only treatment of Scheuermann kyphosis using segmental posterior shortening and instrumentation has been a treatment option for over 20 years. Early reports detail the poor results with posterior-only…
Sacral Screw Fixation and Plating Techniques
Overview As the terminal segment of the spine, the sacrum is subjected to substantial forces as it transmits axial loads from the lumbar spine to the adjacent ilia via the…
Anterior and Posterior Treatment for Thoracolumbar and Lumbar Scoliosis
Overview Large and rigid scoliotic deformities can be treated with many methods that are constantly evolving. Preoperative traction has been reported by many authors for the treatment of rigid curves…
Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion
Overview Anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) has evolved as one of the predominant surgical techniques for the treatment of diskogenic back pain. Through an anterior retroperitoneal approach, the entire ventral…
