The cerebral blood supply is derived from the internal carotid artery (ICA) and vertebral arteries. The ICA on either side delivers blood to the brain through its major branches, the…
Macroscopically, the cerebrum is made up of the cerebral cortex, the subcortical white matter, and the basal ganglia, which were discussed in ▶Chapter 8. The gross structure of the cerebrum…
The brain and spinal cord are covered by three layers (meninges) of mesodermal origin: the tough dura mater is outermost, followed by the arachnoid and, lastly, the pia mater. The…
The basal ganglia are a part of the motor system. The principal nuclei of the basal ganglia are the caudate nucleus, the putamen, and the globus pallidus, all of which…
The diencephalon lies between the brainstem and the telencephalon. It has four components: the thalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus, and hypothalamus. The thalamus is found on both sides of the third ventricle…
The limbic system is composed of both neocortical and phylogenetically older cortical areas (portions of the archicortex and paleocortex) and a number of nuclei. The cellular architecture of the archicortex…
The cerebellum is a central organ for fine motor control. It processes information from multiple sensory channels (particularly vestibular and proprioceptive), together with motor impulses, and modulates the activity of…
Origin, Components, and Functions ▶Fig. 4.2 is a schematic dorsal view of the brainstem, in which the motor and parasympathetic cranial nerve nuclei are shown on the right and the…
Ischemic Brainstem Syndromes The anatomy of the arterial blood supply of the brainstem is depicted in ▶Fig. 4.57, and the territories of individual arteries supplying the medulla, pons, and midbrain…
Up to this point, we have discussed the ascending and descending pathways of the spinal cord and the positions of the cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem, along with their…
