Hyperventilation can rapidly decrease ICP by causing vasoconstriction and reducing intracranial blood volume. Prolonged prophylactic hyperventilation was previously a mainstay of ICP management but has been found to worsen outcome,…
The first priority in severe TBI is to establish complete and rapid physiologic resuscitation, which includes a secure airway and maintenance of O2 saturation of greater than 90% and arterial…
The carotid artery enters the cavernous sinus as it exits the foramen lacerum at the base of the skull. It then rises toward the posterior clinoid process before acutely turning…
Hypotension (systolic blood pressure < 90 mm Hg) may increase mortality markedly after head injury. Lactated Ringer solution or normal saline are the resuscitation fluids of choice. Glucose solutions should…
The GCS evaluates three independent neurologic responses: eye opening, motor response, and verbal response All parameters may be significantly affected by systemic factors such as severe hypotension or significant drug/alcohol…
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Computed tomography scan shows a variably sized oval or “lens-shaped” hyperdensity between the bone and the dura. The most common clinical location for an EDH is the temporal fossa, typically…
The injury occurs typically after a high-speed motor vehicle collision. ASDH, however, is being increasingly seen in elderly patients after same-height falls, and especially in patients on anticoagulant or antiplatelet…
Before the introduction of computed tomography (CT) scans, plain skull radiographs were of vital importance in evaluating patients with head injuries. The presence of a skull fracture strongly suggested the…
At the level of the neuron, linear and rotational forces can lead to structural and metabolic changes that transiently impair function and contribute to physical, cognitive, and emotional symptoms. The…
