Innervation of Female Reproductive Organs
An inferior group of a few small nerves arises from the inferior hypogastric plexus and from the nerve loops around the lower end of the ureter (see page 195). This…
Innervation of Male Reproductive Organs
Sympathetic preganglionic fibers are the axons of intermediolateral column cells located in the lowest two or three thoracic and upper one or two lumbar segments of the spinal cord. They…
Innervation of Urinary Bladder and Lower Ureter
Most of the nerve fasciculi in the urinary bladder wall contain unmyelinated or finely myelinated fibers. A small proportion of larger myelinated and, presumably, sensory fibers are connected with terminal…
Autonomic Nerves and Ganglia in Pelvis
Sympathetic Fibers. The lumbar and sacral parts of the sympathetic trunks are directly continuous at the level of the pelvic brim. The sacral trunks lie in the pelvic fascia behind…
Autonomic Innervation of Kidneys and Upper Ureters
Some parasympathetic fibers are carried through the vagal contributions to the celiac plexus and are conveyed onward to the kidneys in the renal branches of this plexus; others emerge through…
Innervation of Adrenal Glands
The preganglionic sympathetic fibers are the axons of cells located in the intermediolateral gray columns of mainly the lower three or four thoracic and upper one or two lumbar segments…
Enteric Plexuses
The myenteric (Auerbach) plexus is relatively coarse, with thicker meshes and larger ganglia. The main, or primary, meshes give off fascicles that form secondary networks in the interstices of the…
Innervation of Liver and Biliary Tract
Afferent fibers from the liver and biliary tract are conveyed through the hepatic and celiac plexuses to the thoracic splanchnic nerves or to branches of the vagus nerves. The sympathetic…
Innervation of Intestines
The parasympathetic supply to the intestines is derived from the vagus and pelvic splanchnic nerves. The vagal contributions pass to the celiac plexus in the larger and smaller celiac branches…
Autonomic Innervation of Small Intestine
At the anorectal junction, the autonomic innervation gives way to somatic innervation. AUTONOMIC SYSTEM ROLE IN GUT MOTILITY The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a complex network of neurons and…
