Neupsy Key

STEP ONE This is clinically silent and takes place in the subarachnoid space (SAS) and within the cerebral ventricles. Between 105 and 5 × 105 lymphoid cells are present in…

When a CD4+ TN cell finally contacts a cognate antigen–expressing DC, it is either activated or tolerized. Both outcomes are germane to MS. Both require contact between the CD4+ TN…

Immature DCs in the CNS subarachnoid space ingest myelin elements; after that, they may mature in situ. Mature DCs express the cell surface molecule C-C chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7), whereas…

CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF) ANALYSIS A spinal tap is performed less often today than formerly but may be helpful when the diagnosis is in doubt or to satisfy diagnostic criteria. Total…

From time to time, lesions that appear to be typical for MS turn up unexpectedly on MRI scans of persons with no clinical symptoms suggestive of MS, no history of…

MRI has greatly enhanced the ability to establish a diagnosis early in the course of MS. This modality is noninvasive, reproducible, and sensitive to the presence or absence of disease…

MS is thought to be an autoimmune disease even though no antigens are identified, with certainty, against which a disease-relevant autoimmune response might be directed. As with other autoimmune entities,…

OPTIC NEURITIS Typically, patients experience relatively abrupt unilateral decrease in central or paracentral vision with pain on movement of the globe; this is a very common MS presentation. At times,…

Dysphagia management is multidimensional, including emphasis on oral hygiene. Range-of-motion exercises, oral motor strength, and coordination, including lip, tongue, and jaw and respiratory muscles and vocal cord adduction, are performed…

Broca aphasia is the classic form of frontal lobe language dysfunction with dominant hemisphere lesions. It is characterized by a nonfluent, effortful, slow, and halting speech. This language dysfunction is…