Diagnosis of Venous Sinus Thrombosis
In most patients, the D-dimer level in the blood is increased, reflecting increased blood clotting. Radiologic brain imaging studies are required to establish the diagnosis of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis,…
Intracranial Venous Sinuses
Basilar Plexus. The basilar plexus consists of interlacing venous channels over the basilar occipital bone; it connects the inferior petrosal sinuses while also draining the anterior vertebral venous plexus. CEREBRAL…
Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome
The cardinal features of APS include thrombotic manifestations, recurrent fetal loss, and thrombocytopenia. Cardiac valvular abnormalities, livedo reticularis, and hemolytic anemia are additional common findings. Patients are typically 35 to…
Meninges and Superficial Cerebral Veins
Posterosuperior Group Superior Sagittal Sinus (SSS). The superior sagittal sinus traverses the superior margin of the falx cerebri, gradually increasing in dimension as it passes posteriorly, receiving superior cerebral veins…
Role of Platelets in Arterial Thrombosis
The exposure of subendothelial matrix leads to almost instantaneous adhesion of platelets to the site of vascular injury. Two molecules in the subendothelium are critical to this step: von Willebrand…
Inherited Thrombophilias
Secondary hemostasis, or blood coagulation, is initiated by interaction of blood with vascular subendothelium or tissue factor exposed on cell surfaces after cellular injury. Intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation pathways converge…
Hypertensive Encephalopathy
The MRI features of the syndrome are characterized by vasogenic edema, which corresponds to bright signal on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) sequences as well as on apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps,…
Uncommon Cardiac Mechanisms In Stroke
Similarly emboli arising from the aorta are composed of different substances. White platelet-fibrin thrombi form in crevices and irregular surfaces. These white clots activate the coagulation cascade and promote red…
Lacunar Infarction
LACUNAR INFARCTS Lacunar infarcts are miniature, discrete lesions, ranging from 1 to 20 mm in size. The most common locations are the putamen and the pallidum, followed by the pons,…
