Cerebellar Cortex and Nuclei
The Purkinje cell (PC) layer is a monolayer composed entirely of PCs, a 100 µm-thick sheet of 15 million neurons situated between the molecular and granular layers. The PC is…
Cerebellar Peduncles
The inferior cerebellar peduncle (ICP) has two components. The larger is the restiform body, a purely afferent system, whereas the smaller juxtarestiform body carries both afferent and efferent fibers. The…
Cerebellum Gross Anatomy
A wide hollow within the anterior cerebellum is occupied by the pons and upper medulla oblongata, which are separated from the cerebellum by the fourth ventricle. Posteriorly, there is a…
Cerebellum and the Fourth Ventricle
The lateral boundaries are formed on each side from above down by the superior cerebellar peduncle, the inferior cerebellar peduncle, and the cuneate and gracile tubercles. Roof of Fourth Ventricle….
Cerebral Palsy
Cerebral palsy is a clinical diagnosis. Delays in developmental milestones are usually the earliest clue. Milestones acquired do not show regression. Other early signs include hand preference, prominent fisting, persistence…
Psychogenic Movement Disorders
Certain features may suggest a nonorganic basis for the movement disorder. Features in the history that raise this possibility are the abrupt onset of symptoms and their marked variability in…
Wilson Disease
Although a neurologic disorder, it affects multiple organs, with the liver being the most common and earliest affected. Approximately 40% of newly diagnosed cases have hepatic involvement. Neurologic manifestations include…
Chorea/Ballism
There are many causes of chorea, such as pregnancy (chorea gravidarum), Huntington disease, benign hereditary chorea, neuroacanthocytosis, Sydenham chorea, systemic lupus erythematosus, focal vascular lesions, medications (particularly the chronic use…
