10.1055/b-0040-175253 6 Diagnostic Cerebral AngiographyGary B. Rajah and Leonardo Rangel-Castilla General Description A diagnostic cerebral angiogram, or any neuroendovascular intervention, starts with proper navigation of the aortic arch and craniocervical…
10.1055/b-0040-175256 9 Balloon Test OcclusionJason M. Davies and Leonardo Rangel-Castilla General Description The circle of Willis provides vital, if theoretical, redundancy for collateral cerebral blood supply. Balloon test occlusion (BTO)…
10.1055/b-0040-175257 10 Inferior Petrous Sinus SamplingEnrico Giordan, Giuseppe Lanzino, and Leonardo Rangel-Castilla General Description Inferior petrosal sinus (IPS) sampling is an endovascular procedure used for the evaluation of patients with…
10.1055/b-0040-175255 8 Diagnostic Cerebral VenographyJason M. Davies General Description The venous side of the cerebrovascular system has garnered minimal attention in the past, but advances in the understanding of how…
10.1055/b-0040-175254 7 Diagnostic Spinal AngiographyGary B. Rajah and Leonardo Rangel-Castilla General Description A diagnostic spinal angiogram and any spinal neuroendovascular intervention start with proper navigation of the paired intersegmental (or…
10.1055/b-0040-175252 5 Direct Carotid Artery AccessJason M. Davies General Description Carotid artery access provides the most direct access to the anteri- or circulation but is fraught with potential hazards and…
10.1055/b-0040-175248 1 Femoral Artery Access and ClosureGary B. Rajah and Leonardo Rangel-Castilla General Description The most common vascular access approach used for diagnostic cerebral angiography and neuroendovascular interventions is the…
10.1055/b-0040-175251 4 Radial Artery AccessJason M. Davies General Description Radial artery access has long been the preferred route for cardiac interventions because of ease of access as well as the…
10.1055/b-0040-175250 3 Brachial Artery AccessJason M. Davies General Description Neurointerventionists are turning to alternative vascular access routes because of patient body habitus, complex anatomy, and the risks associated with traditional…
10.1055/b-0040-175249 2 Femoral Vein AccessGary B. Rajah and Leonardo Rangel-Castilla General Description The most common approach for vascular access used for diagnostic cerebral venography and neuroendovascular venous interventions is the…
