6 Percutaneous Endoscopic Cervical Diskectomy and Stabilization SANG-HO LEE AND YONG AHN Percutaneous endoscopic cervical diskectomy (PECD) is a new surgical method for treating soft cervical disk herniations. The goal…
34 Image-Guided Endoscopic and Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery CALVIN R. MAURER JR., RAMIN SHAHIDI, JAY B. WEST, AND DANIEL H. KIM Electronic videoendoscopy is commonly performed for a wide variety…
20 Lumbar Microendoscopic Laminoforaminotomy and Diskectomy PAUL SANTIAGO AND RICHARD G. FESSLER Lumbar radiculopathy is one of the most common problems encountered by the practicing spine surgeon. The source of…
27 Endoscopic Lateral Transpsoas Lumbar Spine Fusion JOHN J. REGAN AND DARREN BERGEY Anterior approaches for lumbar interbody fusion have been increasingly used in an attempt to lower the incidence…
31 Intradiskal Electrothermal Therapy CURTIS W. SLIPMAN, SARJOO M. BHAGIA, AND RUSSELL V. GILCHRIST Until recently, treatment for predominant axial back pain caused by discogenic disease has consisted of a…
33 Fluoroscopic Image-Guided Spine Surgery KEVIN T. FOLEY, MICHAEL A. LEFKOWITZ, AND Y. RAJA RAMPERSAUD Fluoroscopy is an imaging technique that is familiar to spinal surgeons. It is routinely employed…
2 Endoscopic Surgical Equipment LARRY T. KHOO AND ANTHONY VIRELLA The concept of percutaneous access via small tubular or cylindrical portals is fundamental to the concept of minimally invasive and…
13 Thoracoscopic Management of Spinal Tumors J. PATRICK JOHNSON Thoracoscopic spinal surgeries for neurogenic and vertebral tumors are advanced procedures that are beyond the basic procedures of sympathectomy and the…
12 Endoscopic Transpedicular Thoracic DAVID H. JHO AND HAE-DONG JHO Minimalism for the surgical treatment of thoracic disk herniation has several surgical goals: cure or resolution of symptoms, minimal disruption…
21 Paraspinal Endoscopic Laminectomy and Diskectomy JEAN DESTANDAU There is no doubt that the future of surgery lies in the development of minimally invasive techniques, and that spinal surgery does…
