Epigenetic Regulation in Autism
Fig. 5.1 The Epigenome, from nucleus to nucleosome. Schematic illustration of gene (green) poised for transcription by polymerase II (Pol II) initiation complex, with nucleosome free interval at transcription start…
Immunology of Autism
Fig. 6.1 a) Many immunological processes take part both in developing and maintaining the CNS. Microglia are the main contributor to many of these processes. As the resident phagocytic cell,…
History of Posterior Fossa Tumor Surgery
Fig. 1.1 (a) A human skull from Peru dating to about 600 A.D. In the occipital bone is a trephination done for unknown reasons. The well-healed bony margins indicate the…
Imaging of Medulloblastoma
Fig. 15.1 Typical features CT: (a–c) unenhanced CT shows a well-defined, homogeneous hyperattenuated mass in the posterior fossa midline surrounded by vasogenic edema (asterisk), associated with hydrocephalus (yellow arrows). (d–f)…
The Anatomy of the Posterior Cranial Fossa
Fig. 3.1 Suboccipital muscles. Stepwise dissection. (a) The right trapezius and sternocleidomastoid have been preserved. The left trapezius and sternocleidomastoid have been reflected along with the galea aponeurotica to expose…
4D: Brain Stem Tumors – Pathology
Fig. 35.1 Diffuse astrocytoma, grade WHO grade II is characterized by a high degree of cellular differentiation Grossly, astrocytoma of the brain stem expands normal tissues in a fusiform fashion….
Imaging of the Brainstem Tumors
Fig. 31.1 MR anatomy of the brainstem. (a) Midline sagittal T2. Pontomesencephalic and pontomedullary sulci (black arrows). Limits of the basis pontis (white arrowheads), with the tegmentum pontis behind. Caudalmost…
Medulloblastoma: Pathology
Embryonal Tumors Medulloblastoma Classic Desmoplastic/nodular medulloblastoma Medulloblastoma with extensive nodularity Anaplastic medulloblastoma Large-cell medulloblastoma CNS primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNET) CNS neuroblastoma CNS ganglioneuroblastoma Medulloepithelioma Ependymoblastoma Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor It mostly…
Medulloblastoma: Surgery
Fig. 16.1 Schematic drawing of the inferior medullary velum and its relationship with the fourth ventricle and cisterna magna Fig. 16.2 Schematic drawing of the tela choroidea (a) and inferior…
Posterior Fossa Choroid Plexus Tumor
Fig. 48.1 Choroid plexus: normal shape and location. The rostral end of the choroid plexus locates at the fastigium and extends to caudal and lateral directions on the inferior velum….
