The Birth of an Industry
Abstract This chapter is devoted to the birth and growth of the neuromodulation industry and the maturation of commercial products that accompanied the industry’s development. We will first take a…
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Fatigue and Attentional Disorders
Abstract Fatigue and attention disorders are common in modern society and can cause significant difficulties in the lives of those afflicted. Increases in cognitive fatigue are typically characterized by a…
Perspectives on the Issues and Barriers to Starting a New Neuromodulation Company From New Start-Ups in Neuromodulation
Abstract This chapter will focus on the perspectives of the leaders of several neuromodulation companies regarding the issues and barriers to starting their companies. Starting a company from an idea…
Reimbursement for Neuromodulation Therapies and Technologies
Abstract Reimbursement strategies for health care interventions vary across the world. In the case of neuromodulation interventions, the differences, not only concern reimbursement, but also which conditions neuromodulation interventions are…
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)
Abstract This overview introduces the methodology, history, mechanisms, and applications of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS). This includes tracing the historical origins of tDCS along related transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES)…
Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation and Transcranial Random Noise Stimulation
Abstract Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) and transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) are two noninvasive brain stimulation techniques that use electrical currents to modulate brain activity and change behavior. tACS…
Perspective on How to Build a Neuromodulation Practice ∗
Abstract Building a neuromodulation practice is a challenge in this world of cost cutting and cost saving. But for physicians, dedicated to bringing access of this important therapy to their…
Neuromodulation : Regulatory Considerations
Abstract Researchers and companies developing new concepts in neuromodulation will, at some point, find themselves navigating the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulatory programs, whether during the conduct of…
Novel Methods of Transcranial Stimulation : Electrosonic Stimulation
Abstract The use of electricity for therapeutic purposes was first used almost 2000 years ago. Today, based on advancements in both electrophysiology and electromagnetic theory, numerous electromagnetic-based techniques and technologies…
Optimization of Noninvasive Brain Stimulation Clinical Trials
Abstract Clinical trials in noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS), such as transcranial electrical stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation, have been conducted over the past 15 years to evaluate their potential therapeutic…
