Keywords electrolytes, hypernatremia, hyponatremia, cerebral salt wasting, central pontine myelinolysis, hyperkalemia, hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, hypermagnesemia Electrolyte disturbances occur frequently in clinical practice and are associated with a variety…
Keywords thyroid, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, neuropathy, myopathy, encephalopathy, sleep, ophthalmopathy Disorders of the thyroid gland are common and are frequently accompanied by neurologic complications. One study of unselected general medical,…
Keywords autonomic nervous system, cardiovascular control, blood pressure, heart rate, baroreceptor reflex, norepinephrine, syncope, postural hypotension When a healthy person stands up after being recumbent, approximately 500 ml of…
Keywords hypertension, stroke, cerebral aneurysm, subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracranial hemorrhage, transient ischemia attack, TIA Blood pressure was first measured in 1707 by an English divinity student, Stephan Hales, using a…
Keywords autonomic neuropathy, constipation, diarrhea, dysphagia, fecal incontinence, gastrointestinal motility disorders, gastroparesis, gut dysmotility, muscle disorders, neurologic disorders, pseudo-obstruction Interactions Between Extrinsic Nervous System and the Gut Normal motility…
Keywords neurocardiogenic, cardiac complications, cardiac innervation, neurologic injury, stroke, epilepsy, trauma Cardiac abnormalities are common after acute neurologic injury. Disturbances can range in severity from transient electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities…
Keywords stroke, hypercoagulable states, sickle cell disease, stroke genetics, protein C, protein S, factor V Leiden deficiency, antithrombin III, antiphospholipid, homocysteine, malignancy Stroke is the fourth leading cause of…
Keywords nutritional deficiency, neuropathy, copper deficiency, vitamin B 12 , cobalamine, thiamine, pyridoxine, vitamin D, vitamin E, folate, niacin, vitamin A, myelopathy, myeloneuropathy, Lathyrism, Konzo, Wernicke encephalopathy, Korsakoff encephalopathy, beriberi…
Keywords neurogastroenterology, Wilson disease, malabsorption, gluten sensitivity, Crohn disease, bariatric surgery In recent years, the presence of gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction in the setting of neurologic disease has received increasing…
Keywords acute liver failure, hepatic encephalopathy, cirrhosis-related parkinsonism, hepatic myelopathy, pancreatic encephalopathy Hepatic Encephalopathy Definition The term hepatic encephalopathy (HE) refers to any type of cerebral dysfunction that is…
