Introduction Technological innovations over the past several decades have enabled spine surgeons to steadily increase the safety and efficacy of procedures performed with a focus on improving outcomes, while minimizing…
Introduction A large amount of literature related to spine surgery is plagued by retrospective design and small sample sizes resulting in a lack of statistical power. This is particularly true…
Introduction of Technology While investigations into incorporating machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) into medicine have been numerous and diverse, their aggregate contributions have altered and revolutionized clinical practice….
Introduction of Technology The utilization of surgical intelligence technologies has evolved since the inception of medicine. Epstein et al. pioneered the use of intraoperative ultrasound for the resection of intramedullary…
Introduction of technology Outcome Measurement: Present Practice and Standard of Care How outcomes are determined after spine surgery has shifted from subjective and solely physician-based to patient-centered and patient-reported. The…
Introduction Substantial technological innovation has been made in spine surgery over the last few decades. This innovation has ranged from improvement in operative techniques, surgical implants, and biologics to improved…
Background Present Practice There are several well-described approaches for interbody fusion, and these include posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF), transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF), lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF), and…
Introduction of Technology Traumatic spinal injury (TSI) may involve injury to the osseous structures, discoligamentous components, spinal cord, nerve roots of the spinal column, or a combination thereof. TSI can…
Intraoperative image-guided (IG) navigation and robotic assistance in spine surgery have traditionally been used to improve pedicle screw placement accuracy, decrease radiation exposure for operating room staff and patients, help…
Introduction of Technology Present Practice and Standard of Care Pedicle screws have been placed to enhance spinal fusion since at least 1959. In that year, Boucher published a report detailing…
