Miscellaneous Neurologic Signs
FIGURE 52.1 Opisthotonos in a patient suffering from tetanus; painting by Sir Charles Bell, 1809. Dr. Bell was a noted artist as well as physician. (see Chapter 16.) Stiffness and…
Brainstem and Multiple Cranial Nerve Syndromes
CN, cranial nerve; CST, corticospinal tract; ICP, inferior cerebellar peduncle; LST, lateral spinothalamic tract; ML, medial lemniscus; PICA, posterior inferior cerebellar artery; SCM, sternocleidomastoid; ST, solitary tract. Wallenberg described the…
The Motor Unit Level
FIGURE 23.1 The motor unit. An alpha motor neuron in the anterior horn gives rise to an axon, which branches and arborizes in the periphery to innervate scattered muscle fibers…
The Spinal Accessory Nerve
FIGURE 19.1 Relationship of the cranial and spinal portions of the accessory nerve to the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves. The major part of CN XI is the spinal portion (ramus…
Associated Movements
Wartenberg’s Sign Active flexion of the terminal phalanges of the four fingers of a paretic hand about a firm object, or against resistance offered by the examiner’s fingers similarly flexed,…
The Spinal Cord Level
FIGURE 24.1 The relationship of the spinal cord segments and spinal nerves to the vertebral bodies and spinous processes. In newborns, the spinal cord may extend as far caudally as…
The Neurologic History
Patients are even more secretive about drug habits. Tactful opening questions might be to ask whether the patient has ever used drugs for other than medicinal purposes, ever abused prescription…
The Glossopharyngeal and Vagus Nerves
FIGURE 18.1 Section through the medulla at the level of the inferior olivary nucleus. CN IX exits the skull through the jugular foramen, lateral and anterior to CNs X and…
The Exteroceptive Sensations
FIGURE 32.1 Diagram of the spinal cord and dorsal root showing the peripheral receptors and terminations of fibers within the spinal cord. The majority of axons originating from second-order spinothalamic…
The Corticospinal (Pyramidal) Level
FIGURE 25.1 A lateral view of some of the clinically relevant cortical areas from the Brodmann cytoarchitectonic map. (Modified from Kiernan JA. Barr’s The Human Nervous System: An Anatomical Viewpoint….
