Overview Meningitis and encephalitis can also appear in mixed forms: a meningeal infection can spread to the brain (and/or spinal cord), or vice versa, causing meningo(myelo)encephalitis. The latter term is…
Head and Cranial Nerves Key Point One should note the shape of the head and face, the range of motion of the cervical spine, and the intrinsic reflexes of the…
8.1 Fundamentals 8.2 Multiple Sclerosis 8.3 Other Autoimmune Diseases of the CNS Ups and Downs In the spring of 1970, the patient, who was then 30 years old, noticed a tingling in her…
Nontraumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage Key Point Nontraumatic intracranial hemorrhage is defined as a spontaneous hemorrhage into the brain parenchyma (intracerebral hemorrhage) or the CSF space (subarachnoid hemorrhage). Intracerebral hemorrhages cause acute…
9.1 Fundamentals 9.2 Generalized Seizures 9.3 Focal (Partial) Seizures 9.4 Status Epilepticus 9.5 Episodic Neurologic Disturbances of Nonepileptic Origin Blackout The patient was 76 years old when his wife, returning home from a brief shopping…
5.1 Fundamentals 5.2 Muscle Weakness and Other Motor Disturbances 5.3 Sensory Disturbances 5.4 Disturbances of Consciousness 5.5 Dysfunction of Specific Areas of the Brain Burning Feet The patient, a 52-year-old baker, had received the diagnosis…
16.1 Anatomy 16.2 Normal and Pathologic Function of the Autonomic Nervous System Bad News The patient, a 54-year-old bank manager, had been feeling “worn out” for months; she was always tired and…
11.1 Fundamentals 11.2 Polyradiculitis 11.3 Polyneuropathy Suddenly Paralyzed A few days after his return from a Caribbean holiday, a 23-year-old man developed mild flulike symptoms, including a sore throat and low-grade fever. He…
The common feature of diseases of the basal ganglia is a movement disorder in which there is either too much or too little movement, that is, an excess or deficiency…
Brain tumors are one of the more common causes of intracranial hypertension. They are subdivided into primary brain tumors, which arise from the brain tissue itself (either the neuroepithelial tissue…
