Initial Stroke Evaluation
Figure 2-1 National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS ) Initially developed as a research tool Score > 10 has high likelihood of large artery occlusion Left hemispheric strokes tend to score…
How to Prepare for the Exam
Content category % Basic science aspects of vascular neurology 4–6 Prevention, risk factors, and epidemiology 8–12 Clinical features of cerebrovascular disease 8–12 Evaluation of the patient with cerebrovascular disease 13–17…
Instrumentation, Electronics, and Signal Analysis
(16.1) Power Sources The two types of power sources are alternating current or AC and direct current or DC. The most commonly encountered DC source is the battery. A battery…
Scoring of Normal Sleep and Arousals
Fig. 24.1 10–20 electrode placement. The 10–20 system assigns a number to further specify the location in the left or right hemisphere. Location “z” is used to indicate that the location…
Sleep, Breathing, and Neurologic Disorders
Fig. 41.1 Ascending Reticular Activity system (ARAS): The ascending arousal system. Two major pathways are shown. One (shown in yellow) providing upper brain stem input to the thalamic-relay nuclei and to…
Electroencephalography, Electromyography, and Electro-oculography: General Principles and Basic Technology
Fig. 18.1 Scalp EEG voltage recordings resulting from an excitatory input on a deep synapse. EPSP excitatory postsynaptic potential. Modified from Kandel and Schwartz [69] Methods of EEG Recording Amplification of the…
An Overview of Polysomnographic Technique
Recommendations for filter settings and sensitivity for various physiologic parameters Channela Low-frequency filter (Hz) Time constant (s) High-frequency filter (Hz) Sensitivity EEG 0.3 0.4 35 50 (µV/cm) EOG 0.3 0.4…
Electrocardiography: Principles and Applications in Sleep Medicine
Fig. 19.1 Normal sinus rhythm with sinus arrhythmia Cardiac Arrhythmias Arrhythmias are due to disturbances of impulse formation, impulse conduction, or a combination of the two. Arrhythmias can be separated into…
Physiological Changes of Sleep
Parameters Wakefulness NREM sleep REM sleep Respiratory rate Normal Decreases Variable, apnea may occur Minute ventilation Normal Decreases Decreases further Alveolar ventilation Normal Decreases Decreases further PaCO2 Normal Increases slightly…
Motor Control and Dyscontrol in Sleep
Fig. 39.1 a Showing schematically the principal relationships between cerebellum and other components of the motor system. PMC Premotor cortex, SMA Supplementary motor area, MC Motor cortex, SC Somesthetic cortex, SPL…
