Identification of Stroke Mechanism: Stroke Classification
Type of infarct Diagnosis Cerebral infarction If a CT scan performed within 28 days of symptom onset shows an area of low attenuation, no relevant abnormality, or an area of…
Ischaemic Stroke: Indication and Techniques of Decompressive Surgery
Fig. 13.1 A case of malignant middle cerebral infarction. (a) Development of malignant middle cerebral infarction in a 40-year-old adult male. Presented with acute left hemiparesis. Left. Initial presentation. Early…
Central Nervous System Vasculitis
Systemic vasculitis Henoch-Schönlein purpura, Kawasaki disease, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, microscopic polyangiitis, eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, polyarteritis nodosa, Behçet’s disease Systemic rheumatologic disease Systemic lupus erythematosus (usually a vasculopathy), dermatomyositis, scleroderma,…
Carotid Endarterectomy Versus Carotid Angioplasty and Stenting for Stroke Prevention
Fig. 30.1 Diagnosis modalities of carotid artery stenosis: (a) carotid Doppler ultrasound, (b) computed tomography angiography, (c) magnetic resonance angiography, (d) conventional angiography 30.1.2 Evaluating the Degree of Stenosis It…
Principles and Practical Application of Brain CT in Acute Ischemic Stroke
Fig. 9.1 ASPECT scoring system. The middle cerebral artery territory is divided into seven ganglionic level regions (caudate, internal capsule, insula, and lentiform nucleus, M1–3) and three supraganglionic level regions…
Principles and Practical Application of Brain MRI in Acute Ischemic Stroke
Fig. 10.1 Diffusion-weighted image lesion pattern according to stroke mechanism. Intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis (a), extracranial atherosclerotic stenosis (b), cardioembolism (c), and aortic arch atherosclerosis (d). Reproduced by permission of Journal…
Identification of Vascular Cognitive Impairment
Fig. 32.1 Contribution of amyloid PET positivity to longitudinal cognitive trajectory after stroke [8]. Mixed VCI (mVCI) is characterized by positivity amyloid PET finding (A-4) and delayed decline in MMSE…
Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis
Fig. 16.1 Normal MR venography. Normal MR venography in anteroposterior view (a), lateral view (b), and cone-down view (c). Hypoplasia of transverse and downstream jugular vein (yellow arrow) is considered…
Initial Assessment and Differential Diagnosis
For all patients Noncontrast brain CT or brain MRI (followed by angiography) Blood glucose Oxygen saturation Blood pressure and pulse rate Serum electrolyte/renal function test Hepatic function test Complete blood…
Stroke Caused by Cervical Artery Dissection
Fig. 17.1 T1-weighted, fat-suppressed magnetic resonance imaging of a 37-year-old female patient with multiple cervical artery dissections (right internal carotid artery and left vertebral artery (Fig. 17.2)). The arrows are…
