RFN on Lumbar Facet Joint
Fig. 7.1 Oblique fluoroscopy view (“Scottie dog” projection): Facet joint consists of the inferior articular process of the upper vertebra (forming the joint’s medial part – white line) and the…
RF for Treatment of Cervical Disk Herniation
Fig. 4.1 (a) A 58-year-old female patient. Magnetic resonance imaging shows a contained central disk (C5–C6) herniation. Compression of the spinal cord is also due to a heavy inflammatory reaction…
Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Spine
Fig. 1.1 Spine stability is guaranteed by the strict connection between three systems: column, muscles and central nervous system. Their activities are regulated on the basis of the reciprocal feedbacks…
Cervical and Lumbar Facet RFA: Evidence and Indications
Fig. 6.1 PET/CT scan, coronal reconstruction illustrating a right C4–C5 facet joint which is FDG avid Standard and dynamic X-rays define normal and pathological curves of the spine. Spine and…
RF for Treatments of Benign Lesions
Fig. 10.1 Osteoid osteoma of the pedicle of 8th thoracic vertebra Fig. 10.2 Guiding trocar is drilled inside the osteoid osteoma Fig. 10.3 RF probe is coaxially inserted to perform…
Discogenic Low Back Pain and Radicular Pain: Therapeutic Strategies and Role of Radio-Frequency Techniques
Fig. 9.1 Under anteroposterior (a) and lateral (b) fluoroscopic control, a 20-G RF needle with a 20-mm active tip is placed in the center of the intervertebral L4–L5 disc Fig….
Causes of Chronic Low Back Pain
Fig. 3.1 Some indirect sign of chronic spinal unit instability. Asymmetrical orientation of facet joint related to bone remodeling (a), fatty degeneration of the vertebral pedicles (b), abnormal paravertebral muscles…
Sleep Disorders in Children: Simple Sleep-Related Movement Disorders
1. A description of the symptoms should be provided in the child’s own words 2. Periodic limb movement disorder may develop before symptoms of RLS 3. The interviewer must be…
Algorithm for Differential Diagnosis of Sleep Disorders in Children
Fig. 7.1 Bedtime. Complaint: problems going to bed/problems falling to sleep Parent or caretaker reports the child has one or more of the following symptoms: Difficulty falling to sleep. Difficulty…
New Directions in the Link Between Technology Use and Sleep in Young People
Fig. 4.1 Heath and colleagues [24] comparison of bright iPad screenlight (left) vs screen filtering short-wavelength light using the f.lux app (right; stereopsis.com) Taken together, the abovementioned studies suggest that…
