(1) Division of Neurosurgery, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil 2.1 Historical Evolution 2.1.1 Pioneers The first neuroendoscopic procedure reported in the literature was conducted by…
(1) Division of Neurosurgery, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil 5.1 Introduction The subarachnoid space below the third ventricle is reached after opening the` ependymal layer…
(1) Division of Neurosurgery, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil 1.1 Historical Aspects The first description of the human ventricular system was made in the third…
(1) Division of Neurosurgery, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil 6.1 Introduction Suprasellar arachnoid cysts (SACs) are benign congenital collections of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), accounting for…
(1) Division of Neurosurgery, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil 7.1 Introduction Hydranencephaly (HE) is a rare, mostly isolated abnormality, which is reported to affect about…
Fig. 11.1 Electrical stimulation (black bar, 25 pulses at 50 Hz, 200 µA) of the a) Purkinje cell layer (PCL) or b) dentate nucleus (DN) evokes a long lasting increase in medial…
Fig. 16.1 The Reelin signaling cascade. Reelin binds to its extracellular receptors APOER2, VLDLR and α3β1 integrin resulting in clustering of the receptors and ephrin B proteins (ENFBs). This clustering…
Fig. 7.1 Shen et al. showed how infants and toddlers who were subsequently diagnosed with ASD had greater total cerebral volumes (after removing non brain tissue) and increased rates of growth,…
Fig. 4.1 The causes of autism spectrum disorders In current clinical practice, the diagnosis of ASDs is purely based on the behavioral assessment using various standardized screening or diagnostic tools….
Fig. 15.1 Nicotinic receptors. Graphic presentation of homomeric and heteromeric receptors and their location. Most functional nAChRs contain more than one subunit, and are therefore heteromeric. The different subunit combinations…
