Fig. 15.1 Typical features CT: (a–c) unenhanced CT shows a well-defined, homogeneous hyperattenuated mass in the posterior fossa midline surrounded by vasogenic edema (asterisk), associated with hydrocephalus (yellow arrows). (d–f)…
Fig. 3.1 Suboccipital muscles. Stepwise dissection. (a) The right trapezius and sternocleidomastoid have been preserved. The left trapezius and sternocleidomastoid have been reflected along with the galea aponeurotica to expose…
Fig. 35.1 Diffuse astrocytoma, grade WHO grade II is characterized by a high degree of cellular differentiation Grossly, astrocytoma of the brain stem expands normal tissues in a fusiform fashion….
Fig. 31.1 MR anatomy of the brainstem. (a) Midline sagittal T2. Pontomesencephalic and pontomedullary sulci (black arrows). Limits of the basis pontis (white arrowheads), with the tegmentum pontis behind. Caudalmost…
Embryonal Tumors Medulloblastoma Classic Desmoplastic/nodular medulloblastoma Medulloblastoma with extensive nodularity Anaplastic medulloblastoma Large-cell medulloblastoma CNS primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNET) CNS neuroblastoma CNS ganglioneuroblastoma Medulloepithelioma Ependymoblastoma Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor It mostly…
Fig. 16.1 Schematic drawing of the inferior medullary velum and its relationship with the fourth ventricle and cisterna magna Fig. 16.2 Schematic drawing of the tela choroidea (a) and inferior…
Fig. 48.1 Choroid plexus: normal shape and location. The rostral end of the choroid plexus locates at the fastigium and extends to caudal and lateral directions on the inferior velum….
Fig. 63.1 The four curvatures of the adult vertebral column: “cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral.” Thoracic and sacral ones exist during fetal life and are called primary (1°) curvatures. The…
Fig. 21.1 Origin and classification of ependymomas. (a) Midfloor type. Sagittal T2-weighted image (a) shows tumor almost completely filling the fourth ventricle with a clear-cut cleavage with the vermis (arrowheads)….
Fig. 13.1 Schematic classification of intraoperative neurophysiology techniques in the posterior fossa surgery. Left panel: neurophysiological mapping allows to identify the functional landmarks such as the nuclei of motor cranial…
