Type of complication % Mechanical complications: proximal catheter, valve, or distal catheter obstruction, disconnection, fracture, migration, etc. 8–64 Functional complications (under- and overdrainage) 3–50 Shunt infection 3–12 Intra-abdominal complications (only…
Fig. 8.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy of a shunt valve of diaphragm type, removed from a patient due to shunt malfunction. There is precipitation of crystals on the diaphragm, which with…
Fig. 22.1 Normal pressure hydrocephalus: (a) CT at diagnosis. (b–d) CT showing the emergence of a left subdural hygroma at 3 months after shunting The treatment options for children or…
Fig. 11.1 Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring in a patient with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Note that ICP values are negative when the bed is inclined 45° to allow the patient…
This type of valve may be of benefit in patients with siphoning and over-drainage problems or in those with a high risk of developing slit-ventricle syndrome. Current data have shown…
Fig. 5.1 (a) MRI showing benign external hydrocephalus in a 6-month-old boy. (b) Spontaneous resolution of the pericerebral collection and ventriculomegaly at age 3 years 5.2.8.2 Posttraumatic and Postinfectious Subdural…
Fig. 12.1 Hypertrophy of the right cardiac cavities with right deviation of the heart in a child with a VAS positioned at T4 level (arrow) who developed pulmonary embolism and…
Fig. 24.1 Magnetic resonance imaging showing a hydrocephalus related to a tectal plate lesion. The patient presented with signs of increased ICP, nystagmus, and ataxia Fig. 24.2 Magnetic resonance (MR)…
Fig. 18.1 MR scans of a 28-year-old woman with a history of learning difficulties at childhood and recent episodic diffuse headache that had lasted for almost 3 months as well…
Fig. 7.1 Axial noncontrast computed tomography depicting an example of shunt overdrainage with subsequent development of bilateral extra-axial fluid collection (asterisks) Fig. 7.2 Right frontoparietal hyperdense extra-axial fluid collection (arrow)…
