Fig. 10.1 The first electron microscopic images showing what the authors termed “abortive remyelination” – spontaneous myelin repair – at the edge of a multiple sclerosis plaque (Reproduced with permission…
Fig. 5.1 Potential mechanisms of axonal injury in progressive MS 5.4.1 Inflammation Inflammatory mediators have long been implicated in the pathophysiology of MS [35]. A variety of cellular and soluble…
Extrinsic structural lesions causing spinal cord compromise Degenerative cervical spine disease/cervical spondylosis Extrinsic tumor such as meningioma (Epidural abscess) Intrinsic structural lesions causing spinal cord compromise Syringomyelia Intrinsic tumor of…
Fig. 1.1 Disease course patterns in MS: (a) Relapsing and Remitting MS (RRMS): clearly defined acute attacks with recovery. (b) Primary Progressive MS (PPMS): progression of disability from onset without…
Differential diagnosis Clinical features MSON Mostly good recovery within 2 months ION Isolated ON RION Isolated ON with spontaneous relapses CRION Relapses on steroid withdrawal, poor recovery NMO-ON Relapses, poor…
Fig. 3.1 The setup should allow for good OCT examination conditions. Patients may require wheelchair access and additional help during the assessment for which there needs to be sufficient space….
Fig. 8.1 Panel (a) represents a fundus photograph from a healthy control. Panel (b) is a 3D macular volume cube generated by Cirrus HD-OCT from the macular region denoted by…
Fig. 10.1 Typical example of a microcystic macular edema (MME) in a patient with a compressive optic neuropathy. Thickness maps of ganglion cell layer (GCL) and inner nuclear layer (INL)…
Disease-free controls All MS MS, no history of MSON MS, history of MSON High-contrast visual acuity (VA), ETDRS, number of letters correct 59 ± 6 (n = 52 eyes) 53 ± 10 (n = 559 eyes) 55 ± 7…
Fig. 9.1 Progressive multiple sclerosis nomenclature. Progressive MS nomenclature according to the current criteria [2] Prior to the 2013 MS disease course revision, the phenotype of a patient with primary…
