Modulation of Synaptic Transmission: Second Messengers The Cyclic AMP Pathway Is the Best Understood Second Messenger Signaling Cascade Initiated by G Protein-Coupled Receptors The Second-Messenger Pathways Initiated by G…
Neurotransmitters A Chemical Messenger Must Meet Four Criteria to Be Considered a Neurotransmitter Only a Few Small-Molecule Substances Act as Transmitters Acetylcholine Biogenic Amine Transmitters Catecholamine Transmitters Serotonin Histamine…
Low-Level Visual Processing: The Retina The Photoreceptor Layer Samples the Visual Image Ocular Optics Limit the Quality of the Retinal Image There Are Two Types of Photoreceptors: Rods and…
Disorders of Mood and Anxiety The Most Common Disorders of Mood Are Unipolar Depression and Bipolar Disorder Unipolar Depression Often Begins Early in Life Bipolar Disorder Includes Episodes of…
Repairing the Damaged Brain Damage to Axons Affects Neurons and Neighboring Cells Axon Degeneration Is an Active Process Axotomy Leads to Reactive Responses in Nearby Cells Central Axons Regenerate…
Circulation of the Brain The Blood Supply of the Brain Can Be Divided into Arterial Territories The Cerebral Vessels Have Unique Physiological Responses A Stroke Is the Result of…
The Modulatory Functions of the Brain Stem Ascending Monoaminergic and Cholinergic Projections from the Brain Stem Maintain Arousal Monoaminergic and Cholinergic Neurons Share Many Properties and Functions Many Monoaminergic…
The Cerebellum Cerebellar Diseases Have Distinctive Symptoms and Signs The Cerebellum Has Several Functionally Distinct Regions The Cerebellar Microcircuit Has a Distinct and Regular Organization Neurons in the Cerebellar…
From Nerve Cells to Cognition: The Internal Representations of Space and Action The Major Goal of Cognitive Neural Science Is to Understand Neural Representations of Mental Processes The Brain…
Emotions and Feelings The Modern Search for the Emotional Brain Began in the Late 19th Century The Amygdala Emerged as a Critical Regulatory Site in Circuits of Emotions Studies…
