Cranial nerve motor nuclei are located medially, whereas the sensory nuclei are found generally more lateral. Three types of motor nuclei are present innervating voluntary striated muscles (somatic), muscles of…
Diabetic lumbosacral radiculoplexus neuropathy is a painful condition that causes severe weakness and muscle wasting of the lower extremities. A number of clinical terms have been applied to this syndrome,…
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The dorsal rami of the thoracic nerves run backward near the zygapophyseal joints, which they supply, and divide into medial and lateral branches. Both sets of branches pass through the…
The spinal cord is segmental in character, and the spinal nerves are distributed to structures developed from the associated segments, or metameres (see Plate 2-1). In the trunk, the correspondence…
The upper cervical spinal nerves lie horizontally, but all the others assume an increasingly oblique and downward direction as they proceed to their foramina of exit. In the adult, the…
In patients in whom further treatment is necessary because of pain or neurologic deficit, surgery must be considered and must be preceded by imaging of the lumbosacral spine to rule…
Spondylolisthesis, in which one vertebral body translates anteriorly or posteriorly with respect to an adjacent vertebral body, can also occur, exacerbating the spinal canal narrowing. The L4-5 level is most…
The S1 root syndrome includes sciatic pain (“sciatica”) from the buttock to the posterior thigh, to the posterior or lateral calf, and into the foot. When due to disk herniation,…
As a result of abnormal movement at the facet joint, a hypertrophic, osteoarthritic process known as spondylosis develops. Enlargement of the facet joints by this spondylotic process narrows the intervertebral…
