Acute Spinal Cord Injury
8 Acute Spinal Cord Injury Scott Meyer, Jennifer A. Frontera, Arthur Jenkins III, and Tanvir Choudhri Spinal cord injuries (SCIs) inflict a significant burden on patients, families, and society as…
Malignant Ischemic Stroke
6 Malignant Ischemic Stroke Katja E. Wartenberg Malignant strokes are large strokes with edema and swelling that cause secondary injury due to mass effect. Neurologic deterioration occurs as a consequence…
Glucose Management and Nutrition
19 Glucose Management and Nutrition Jennifer A. Frontera Hyperglycemia in critically ill patients, often referred to as stress hyperglycemia, is characterized by increased gluconeogenesis, elevated insulin levels, insulin resistance, and…
Intracerebral Hemorrhage
3 Intracerebral Hemorrhage Stanley Tuhrim Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) occurs in 12 to 31 per 100,000 people each year in the United States, accounting for 10% of all strokes.1 It has…
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
1 Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Harshpal Singh, Joshua B. Bederson, and Jennifer A. Frontera Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is defined as the presence of blood within the subarachnoid space between the arachnoid membrane…
Antiplatelet- and Anticoagulation-Associated Intracranial Hemorrhage
4 Antiplatelet- and Anticoagulation-Associated Intracranial Hemorrhage Fred Rincon, Andres Fernandez, and Stephan A. Mayer Antiplatelet- and anticoagulation-associated intracranial hemorrhages are a neurologic emergency. As the population ages, anticoagulation-associated intracranial hemorrhage…
Traumatic Brain Injury
2 Traumatic Brain Injury Chad Miller Trauma accounts for over 150,000 deaths in the United States each year. A frequent cause of mortality for this group is head injury, for…
Myasthenic Crisis
11 Myasthenic Crisis Mark Sivak and Jennifer A. Frontera Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease of the neuromuscular junction characterized by a T-cell dependent response targeted to the postsynaptic…
Grades of Recommendations Based on Level of Evidence
22 Grades of Recommendations Based on Level of Evidence Jennifer A. Frontera Table 22.1 The American Academy of Neurology’s Classification Scheme for Rating a Prognostic Article Class I Evidence provided…
Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy
9 Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy Adam Webb and Owen Samuels More than 160,000 out-of-hospital cardiac arrests occur annually. Nearly 25% of patients receive cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) either from bystanders or emergency…
