48 Retroperitoneal Approaches to the Thoracolumbar Spine Camilo A. Molina, Ziya L. Gokaslan, and Daniel M. Sciubba I. Key Points – Of utmost importance to performing any ventrolateral approaches to…
23 Vascular Pathology of the Spine Timothy D. Uschold and Steven W. Chang I. Key Points – The Spetzler et al nomenclature for spinal vascular lesions classifies arteriovenous malformations (AVMs)…
35 Cervical Laminectomy with or without Fusion Ali A. Baaj and Fernando L. Vale I. Key Points – Conservative therapy is the initial, primary treatment modality for neck pain and/or…
15 Spinal Biologics Rafael F. Cardona-Durán and Juan S. Uribe I. Key Points – Decision making for the choice of bone graft in spinal surgery is important and should be…
7 Physical Examination Mark S. Greenberg and Daniel Marin I. Key Points – There are four main components to the spinal exam: motor, sensory, reflex, and mechanical. This is in…
29 C1-C2 Techniques Jau-Ching Wu and Praveen V. Mummaneni I. Key Points – Fixation choices are (1) C1 lateral mass screws in combination with C2 pars screws, pedicle screws, or…
21 Degenerative Lumbar Spine Disease Michael Y. Wang I. Key Points – Degenerative disease of the spine is a ubiquitous problem and part of the natural aging process. Treatment, surgical…
10 Pharmacology Mark S. Greenberg I. Key Points – Treating pain early with effective doses results in overall reduction in the consumption of pain meds. – Adjuncts to opioids for…
38 Cervical Open Reduction Techniques: Anterior and Posterior Approaches Harminder Singh, George M. Ghobrial, and James Harrop I. Key Points – Cervical facet dislocations result from high-energy traumatic forces transmitted…
