Spinal Imaging
8 Spinal Imaging Ishaq Y. Syed, Barrett I. Woods, and Joon Y. Lee I. Key Points – A complete history and physical should be the initial step in evaluating a…
Retroperitoneal Approaches to the Thoracolumbar Spine
48 Retroperitoneal Approaches to the Thoracolumbar Spine Camilo A. Molina, Ziya L. Gokaslan, and Daniel M. Sciubba I. Key Points – Of utmost importance to performing any ventrolateral approaches to…
Vascular Pathology of the Spine
23 Vascular Pathology of the Spine Timothy D. Uschold and Steven W. Chang I. Key Points – The Spetzler et al nomenclature for spinal vascular lesions classifies arteriovenous malformations (AVMs)…
Cervical Laminectomy with or without Fusion
35 Cervical Laminectomy with or without Fusion Ali A. Baaj and Fernando L. Vale I. Key Points – Conservative therapy is the initial, primary treatment modality for neck pain and/or…
Spinal Biologics
15 Spinal Biologics Rafael F. Cardona-Durán and Juan S. Uribe I. Key Points – Decision making for the choice of bone graft in spinal surgery is important and should be…
Physical Examination
7 Physical Examination Mark S. Greenberg and Daniel Marin I. Key Points – There are four main components to the spinal exam: motor, sensory, reflex, and mechanical. This is in…
C1–C2 Techniques
29 C1-C2 Techniques Jau-Ching Wu and Praveen V. Mummaneni I. Key Points – Fixation choices are (1) C1 lateral mass screws in combination with C2 pars screws, pedicle screws, or…
Degenerative Lumbar Spine Disease
21 Degenerative Lumbar Spine Disease Michael Y. Wang I. Key Points – Degenerative disease of the spine is a ubiquitous problem and part of the natural aging process. Treatment, surgical…
Pharmacology
10 Pharmacology Mark S. Greenberg I. Key Points – Treating pain early with effective doses results in overall reduction in the consumption of pain meds. – Adjuncts to opioids for…
