Abstract Bipolar disorder is an episodic, highly impairing mood disorder that is estimated to have a prevalence of 2–3% in the general population and is one of the leading causes…
Abstract Advances in our understanding of the human body and technology have revolutionized modern medicine, allowing us to easily treat many conditions that were once considered a death sentence. The…
Abstract Magnetoencephalography (MEG) has emerged as an important tool in the study of mood disorders. Although electroencephalography (EEG) is much more widely utilized, largely due to its low cost and…
Abstract To more effectively investigate, diagnose, and treat mood disorders, there is a need to move beyond standard clinical characterizations. While symptom-based nosology has provided a reliable and pragmatic framework…
Abstract In 1977, Frans F Jöbsis pioneered a noninvasive method for measuring the hemodynamic oxygenation of biological tissue using near-infrared light (1). This method fostered a new era of near-infrared…
Abstract We urgently need new therapeutic strategies for depression (1). Depression is one of the top three causes of disability in the global disease burden statistic, affecting up to 15%…
Abstract Neuroimaging with positron emission tomography is increasingly developing radioligands that emulate targets traditionally within the domain of postmortem studies. Consequently, markers indicative of neuroinflammatory processes are advancing and enabling…
Abstract Genetics explain 60–85% and 31–50% of the risk to develop, respectively, bipolar disorder (BD) (1, 2) and major depressive disorder (MDD) (3, 4). Thus, hereditability has emerged as a…
Abstract Glutamate (Glu) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are the main brain excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. These neurotransmitters are involved in neural migration, differentiation, and synaptic plasticity (1–6). There are accumulating…
Abstract Major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) are likely to be etiologically diverse, resulting from the contributions of multiple pathophysiologic processes present in affected individuals to varying degrees….
