Intervertebral Disc: Anatomy, Physiology, and Aging
Summary of Key Points • The intervertebral disc (IVD) is composed of the nucleus pulposus, the annulus fibrosus, and flanking cartilage end plates. • The nucleus pulposus is composed primarily…
Differential Diagnosis of Surgical Disorders of the Spine
Summary of Key Points • The following observations can be used as an initial step to classify and further define spine pathology: (1) the presence or absence of spinal region…
History of Spinal Instrumentation: The Modern Era
Summary of Key Points • The development of instrumentation for internal fixation of the spine has dramatically improved the surgeon’s ability to successfully provide surgical intervention for a wide variety…
Muscular Support of the Spine
Summary of Key Points • Muscle integrity is integral to both spine form and efficient function. • For most patients with spine-related disease, exercise is not only safe, but it…
Evaluation of Spinal Alignment
Summary of Key Points • Spinal alignment assessment includes both sagittal and coronal alignment measurement strategies. • Coronal plan assessments include interpupullary angle, shoulder tilt angle, and Cobb angle measurements….
Brain Metastasis after Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation in Patients with Small Cell Lung Cancer
Keywords brain metastases, small cell lung cancer, prophylactic cranial irradiation, chemotherapy, relapse rate, detection, management Outline Introduction 200 Brain Metastasis after Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation 201 How Often does Brain…
Multiple Small Brain Metastases with Limited Focal Brain Edema from Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer with Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Mutations
Keywords brain metastases, non-small cell lung cancer, EGFR mutations, epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine-kinase inhibitors, treatment, gefitinib, erlotinib Outline Introduction 106 Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Mutations 106 Multiple Brain…
Lambert–Eaton Myesthenic Syndrome and Brain Metastasis from Occult Small Cell Lung Carcinoma: A Clinician’s Perspective
Keywords brain metastasis, small cell lung cancer, Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome, autoimmune Outline Introduction 244 Lambert–Eaton Myesthenic Syndrome 244 Paraneoplastic and Non-Paraneoplastic LEMS 244 Pathophysiology 245 Clinical Features 245 Investigations…
Brain Metastasis from Small-Cell Lung Cancer with High Levels of Placental Growth Factor
Keywords brain metastases, small cell lung cancer, placental growth factor, blood–brain barrier, tight junctions, brain endothelial cells Outline Introduction 213 Placental Growth Factor 215 Placental Growth Factor in Normal…
Radiation Management of Synchronous Brain Metastases from Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Keywords brain metastases, non-small cell lung cancer, surgical resection, stereotactic radiosurgery, whole brain radiotherapy Outline Introduction 182 Management of Brain Metastases in Patients with NSCLC 182 General Considerations for…
