Abstract Intrathecal drug delivery has been a valuable treatment for severe refractory pain conditions. However, despite the growing evidence about and success of implanted drug delivery, limitations such as variations…
Abstract Intrathecal (IT) drug delivery technology has become one of the key arsenals in treating both nonmalignant and malignant chronic pain. However, only three compounds have been officially approved for…
Abstract Intrathecal therapy is a vital component in the treatment of moderate to severe refractory cancer or noncancer pain. From humble beginnings, the knowledge and clinical experience regarding engagement with…
Abstract Morphine and other alkaloids were initially isolated in the 1850s, and their application to ameliorate pain by hypodermic delivery began shortly thereafter. The development of conduction anesthesia by delivery…
Abstract Neuromodulation can be performed by electrical stimulation or by drug delivery to modulate the neural response. Intrathecal drug delivery allows for continuous and targeted delivery of medications to the…
Abstract Occipital nerve stimulation (ONS) has matured significantly over the past 40 years in terms of a better understanding of the indications for its use and implant techniques necessary for…
Abstract Peripheral nerve field stimulation (PNfS) is a new and exciting area of neurostimulation. It belongs to the general category of electrical stimulation of the peripheral nervous system. However, instead…
Abstract Moderate to severe postoperative pain is frequently experienced following surgery. Percutaneous peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) is an alternative method of pain control involving the insertion of an electrical lead…
Abstract Peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) has been used to treat pain successfully in many types of patients for over 5 decades. Since the 1960s multiple studies have demonstrated the potential…
Abstract Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has been developed as a treatment option for various chronic complex pain conditions. However, over the decades of its clinical use it has become apparent…
