The Arteries of the Posterior Fossa
The Arteries of the Posterior Fossa Key Points Perforator branches of the brainstem are difficult to see angiographically but injury to them can be the mechanism of devastating ischemic deficits…
The Extradural Vertebral Arteries
The Extradural Vertebral Arteries Key Points The anterior spinal artery is a major focus of concern in all vertebral artery catheterizations and embolizations. Anastomotic connections between the vertebral arteries and…
The Posterior Cerebral Artery
The Posterior Cerebral Artery Key Points The vessels along the basilar trunk and at the basilar apex are delicate and can be easily perforated or injured with a wire or…
The Middle Cerebral Artery
The Middle Cerebral Artery Key Points Variants of the middle cerebral artery, such as accessory branches or duplications, represent a substantial risk for misadventure during endovascular embolization or blind navigation…
The Anterior Cerebral Artery
The Anterior Cerebral Artery Key Points Selecting the A1 segment with a wire and microcatheter is often very difficult. Therefore, to force the microcatheter to make this difficult turn, a…
The Internal Carotid Artery
The Internal Carotid Artery Key Points The extracranial and ophthalmic branches of the internal carotid artery exist in a state of actual or potential exchange with distal branches of the…
The Circle of Willis
The Circle of Willis Key Point An understanding of the variant anatomy and flow dynamics of the Circle of Willis is crucial in many of the treatment decisions we make….
Aortic Arch
Aortic Arch Key Points The challenges posed by complex aortic anatomy demand specific considerations in choice of introducer catheters. It must be emphasized that catheter manipulation in atherosclerotic arches is…
Radiation Risks and Safety
Radiation Risks and Safety Key Points Radiation safety lies in the cultivation of good habits and consistent observation of commonsense precautions. The risk from radiation exposure during neurointerventional procedures is…
Embryology of the Cranial Circulation
Embryology of the Cranial Circulation Key Point Embryologic development explains the many anatomic variants of the cerebrovascular circulation. A rudimentary description of the embryonic origins of the cranial vessels will…
